The effect of irrigated crop production on the properties of a sodic vertisol

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Mckenzie ◽  
TS Abbott ◽  
FR Higginson
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
New South ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Massive Structure ◽  
Cultivated Soil ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Uncultivated Soil ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Subsoil Compaction

Irrigated cotton yields in the lower Macquarie Valley, New South Wales, declined within a decade of the inception of irrigation, particularly on grey clays. Degradation of subsoil structure was thought to be involved. Two adjacent sites, one used for irrigated cotton production since 1968 ('cultivated'), the other for native pasture and grazing ('uncultivated'), were compared. The soil at each site, a sodic grey cracking clay (Vertisol), was described and sampled for a range of physical and chemical analyses. In the cultivated soil there was increased surface sodicity, greater dispersion of soil aggregates at 0 - 0-3 m, decreased organic carbon levels to 0 - 3 m and increased subsoil compaction. Also, the cultivated soil was observed to have more massive structure, with fewer macropores, between 0.2 and 0.7 m than the uncultivated soil. Probable reasons for this degradation of chemical and physical fertility following 15 years of intensive irrigated farming are discussed.

scholarly journals Co-Occurrence of Defoliating and Non-Defoliating Pathotypes of Verticillium Dahliae in Field-Grown Cotton Plants in New South Wales, Australia

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Duy P. Le ◽  
Aphrika Gregson ◽  
Thao T. Tran ◽  
Rodney Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Germination Traits ◽  
Highly Virulent

Verticillium wilt (VW) is a major constraint to cotton production in Australia and worldwide. The disease is caused by a soilborne fungus, Verticillium dahliae, a highly virulent pathogen on cotton. Commonly, V. dahliae is designated into two pathotypes: defoliating (D) and non-defoliating (ND), based on induced symptoms. In the previous two survey seasons between 2017 and 2019, stems with suspected VW were sampled for the confirmation of presence and distribution of D and ND pathotypes across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. A total of 151 and 84 VW-suspected stems sampled from the 2017/18 and 2018/19 seasons, respectively, were subjected to pathogen isolation. Of these, 94 and 57 stems were positive for V. dahliae; and 18 and 20 stems sampled respectively from the two seasons yielded the D pathotype isolates. Two stems from the 2017/18 season and one stem from 2018/19 season yielded both D and ND pathotype isolates. We also successfully demonstrated the co-infection of both pathotypes in pot trials, which was driven predominantly by either of the pathotypes, and appeared independent on vegetative growth, fecundity and spore germination traits. Our study is the first report of the natural co-occurrence of both D and ND pathotypes in same field-grown cotton plants in NSW, to which a challenge to the disease management will be discussed.

Current Land Use in the Poplar Box (Eucalyptus Populnea) Lands.

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
EJ Weston ◽  
DF Thompson ◽  
BJ Scott
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
High Water ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Domestic Livestock

Poplar box (Eucalyptus populnee) woodlands mainly occuron duplex, clay and red earth soils between the 300 mm and 750 mm rainfall isohyets. The poplar box lands have been occupied for from 100 to 150 years and have been modified extensively through tree felling, ringbarking, clearing, cultivation, burning and grazing by domestic livestock. The current land use is described for six vegetation groups which together comprise the poplar box lands. The eastern areas of the poplar box lands are mainly used for intensive agriculture based on wheat. barley and grain sorghum, with small areas sown to c~ops of high water demand. Mixed farming involves dairying (in Queensland) and fat lambs (in New South Wales) and broad-acre cereal and fodder cropping. Sheep and cattle grazing replace intensive crop production as the rainfall decreases. In all areas used for cropping the stability and fertility of the soil are of paramount importance in maintainihg production. The use of woodlands in areas of lower rainfall can lead to deterioration of the resource and to the encroachment of woody native species into the grazing lands. Because cropping is unreliable the opportunity to use cultivation to control woody regrowth is reduced. In central areas much of the land can be sown to improved pastures, but in western areas diversification is limited by the low rainfall and land use is restricted to grazing, initially only by sheep but now by sheep and cattle. Particularly in western New South Wales the increase in unpalatable shrubs and the decrease in available forage has resulted in low stocking rates, and high grazing pressure, making reclamation and pasture improvement difficult. In consequence many enterprises are becoming uneconomic.

Characteristics of soil and productivity of Pinus radiata (D Don) in New South Wales .I. Relative importance of soil physical and chemical parameters

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
ND Turvey ◽  
AB Rudra ◽  
J Turner
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Physical And Chemical Parameters ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The objectives of the study were to determine whether selected soil physical and chemical parameters could be used as predictors of site and the productivity of Pinus radiata (D. Don). The study was carried out in the Lithgow district of New South Wales. Sixty plots were located in first-rotation unthinned stands of P. radiata of age 11 years. None of the stands had received fertilizer. The stands were selected to cover a wide range of merchantable volume production (0-175 m3 ha-1), and were located on a range of geological types including siltstone, medium-grained quartz sandstone, conglomerate, and rhyolitic tuff and lava. Soil depth was positively correlated, and per cent sand negatively correlated with all stand production variables. No other soil physical-or chemical variables were correlated consistently with stand variables. Discriminant analysis was used to test for the ability of a selected subset of soil physical and chemical variables to discriminate (a) between three volume production classes, and (b) between three geological groups. Soil depth, per cent sand, and total nitrogen contributed to two functions which discriminated between volume production groups. Cation exchange capacity, Bray phosphorus, per cent sand, exchangeable sodium, and total nitrogen contributed to two functions which discriminated between geological groups. Thus soil physical parameters were predominant in discriminating between volume production groups, and soil chemical parameters were predominant in discriminating between geological groups.

Subplasticity in Australian soils. V. Factors involved and techniques of dispersion

Soil Research ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Norrish ◽  
KG Tiller
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Montmorillonite Clays ◽  
Ionic Bonds ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The subplastic soils studied were two from the Riverina area of New South Wales, two montmorillonite rich clays formed on basalt, from South Australia and Queensland, and a krasnozem from New South Wales. To assess the effectiveness of physical and chemical methods of dispersion, theoretical clay contents were calculated from the ratio of the CEC of the soil to that of separated clay. The composition of the clay from the soils showed little or no change with degree of dispersion. To disperse the soils without chemical pretreatment, a method of disaggregation was devised that involved vigorous shaking of a soil paste. Following this technique the Riverina soils and the krasnozem yielded almost all their clay. Lithium saturation was the only chemical treatment that aided dispersion of the montmorillonite clays, and this, together with the high tetrahedral lattice charge, suggests that aggregate stability is mainly due to a large electrostatic interaction between clay sheets. Any pretreatments involving the use of sodium hydroxide improved clay yields for the Riverina soils. The data indicated that the loss of subplasticity was accompanied by the solution of clay, suggesting that aggregate stability was due to non-ionic bonds between clay particles, possibly as the result of intergrowth of clay mineral crystals. Organic matter and/or free iron oxide was responsible for cementation of the krasnozem.

scholarly journals The spatial legacy of Australian mercury contamination in the sediment of the Molonglo River

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Stinton ◽  
Larissa Schneider ◽  
Sara Beavis ◽  
Janelle Stevenson ◽  
William A. Maher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Surficial Sediment ◽  
Mercury Contamination ◽  
Mine Site ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Mercury (Hg) contamination is an environmental concern as a by-product of legacy mining in Australia. Here we investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of Hg in the Molonglo River system in New South Wales, Australia, and assess the physical and chemical factors influencing that distribution. Mercury concentrations in sediment cores were measured in conjunction with 210Pb and 137Cs dating to establish historical contamination. This was done at the source mine site of Captains Flat, New South Wales, and the system’s sink in Lake Burley Griffin, Australian Capital Territory. Additionally, surficial sediment Hg concentrations along the Molonglo River were analyzed to determine the spatial distribution of Hg. Analytical results showed the primary physical and chemical factors influencing Hg dispersion to be distance, total organic matter, and the presence of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. The highest Hg concentrations were near the mine site at Captains Flat and decreased significantly with distance. Sediment core analyses in both Captains Flat and the lake showed reductions in Hg concentrations toward surficial sediment layers. It is suggested government-funded rehabilitation programs are playing a part in reducing the release of metal contamination.

Production and Characterization of Fly Ash from New South Wales Coals

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Roper ◽  
Daksh Baweja ◽  
Graham A. Kirkby
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Mineral Admixture ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Boiler Furnace ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACTFactors affecting fly ash characteristics are examined by consideration of the various processes and constituents involved in its production. Coal conversion, boiler-furnace operations and collection procedures are discussed. Current classification schemes applied to fly ash, in particular to those for use as a pozzolanic mineral admixture in concrete are reviewed. The variability of the material is highlighted using physical and chemical data. Shape and size characteristics of selected fly ashes from sources within New South Wales, Australia are illustrated by electron micrographs. The influence of these properties on resultant concrete properties are briefly considered. The formation of nodules of fly ash material on the surface of fabric filters is chosen to illustrate the importance of physical and chemical conditions in the collection chamber, whereas pH changes with time of the water phase in contact with selected fly ashes demonstrate the importance of chemical characteristics of the collected materials. Such chemical characteristics may influence the path of pozzolanic reactions significantly.

Podzol development in a holocene chronosequence .1. Moruya Heads, New South-Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Bowman
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
Shell Carbonate ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Shell Debris ◽  
Marine Shell

Calcareous sands (Fluvisols/Regosols) and Podzol soils of at least seven different ages (0, 2500, 3000, 5000, 5800, 6200 and 6500 calendar years) form a soil chronosequence in the prograded beach-ridge plain near Moruya Heads, on the south coast of New South Wales. Ages of the soils were determined by radiocarbon dating of marine shell deposited with the sediment. The soils range from undifferentiated quartz sand mixed with marine shell debris at the youngest site, to well developed podzols with pronounced AI, A2 and iron-humus B horizons at the oldest sites. Age trends are evident in a range of physical and chemical soil properties, the most significant of which are: an increase in the thickness of the A2 and B horizons with a concomitant decrease in C horizon thickness; a decrease in Munsell colour chroma in the A1 and A2 horizons and an increase in B horizon chroma; a fall in the pH of all horizons (particularly in the younger soils); an increase in depth to the leaching front of marine shell carbonate; the progressive leaching of HC1-extractable manganese, calcium, magnesium and sodium from the soil profiles; and the progressive development of the A2 and B horizons in terms of HC1-extractable iron and aluminium.

Soils of the Poplar Box (Eucalyptus populnea) communities of Eastern Australia.

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Webb ◽  
PJ Walker ◽  
RH Gunn ◽  
AT Mortlock
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
New South ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Eucalyptus Populnea ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Information on the soils of recognized poplar box (Eucalyptus populnea) communities has been collated from published and unpublished reports. Major soils have been described briefly in terms of morphology and some physical and chemical properties. Site data from a number of previous surveys was used in an attempt to identify soil type/vegeration relationships. Poplar box occurs on a very \\'ide range of soil types. Approximately half of the 1500 sites described in Queensland and New South Wales were on duple\ soils. The data indicate that poplar box prefers lighter textured soils such as uniform sands and massive earths in the western areas of its distribution but in the eastern, more mesic areas il occurs mainly on duplex clay soits.

Long term investigations of the effect of tillage practices on crop production at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Pratley
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
New South ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Tapesia Yallundae ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

Three seedbed preparation methods were compared from 1977 to 1989 to evaluate their effects on crop production. Treatments were conventional cultivation (CC, at least 3 workings pre-sowing), reduced cultivation (RC, 1 cultivation plus knockdown herbicide pre-sowing), and direct drilling (DD, no pre- sowing cultivation, knockdown herbicide only). Wheat (Triticum aestivum) was sown for the first 8 years of the experiment and lupins in 1985 and 1988. In 9 of the 11 years wheat grain yield was significantly better with DD, averaging 15% more than CC and 10% more than RC. Weed populations were generally greater where cultivation occurred; particularly fumitory (Fumaria spp.) and eyespot lodging (Tapesia yallundae) had greater impact on wheat in the CC and RC treatments.

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