scholarly journals The spatial legacy of Australian mercury contamination in the sediment of the Molonglo River

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Stinton ◽  
Larissa Schneider ◽  
Sara Beavis ◽  
Janelle Stevenson ◽  
William A. Maher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Surficial Sediment ◽  
Mercury Contamination ◽  
Mine Site ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Mercury (Hg) contamination is an environmental concern as a by-product of legacy mining in Australia. Here we investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of Hg in the Molonglo River system in New South Wales, Australia, and assess the physical and chemical factors influencing that distribution. Mercury concentrations in sediment cores were measured in conjunction with 210Pb and 137Cs dating to establish historical contamination. This was done at the source mine site of Captains Flat, New South Wales, and the system’s sink in Lake Burley Griffin, Australian Capital Territory. Additionally, surficial sediment Hg concentrations along the Molonglo River were analyzed to determine the spatial distribution of Hg. Analytical results showed the primary physical and chemical factors influencing Hg dispersion to be distance, total organic matter, and the presence of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. The highest Hg concentrations were near the mine site at Captains Flat and decreased significantly with distance. Sediment core analyses in both Captains Flat and the lake showed reductions in Hg concentrations toward surficial sediment layers. It is suggested government-funded rehabilitation programs are playing a part in reducing the release of metal contamination.

Population Dynamics of the Australian Plague Locust, Chortoicetes Terminifera (Walker) in Central Western New South Wales. Ii. Factors Influencing Natality and Survival.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Farrow
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Savannah Woodland ◽  
Australian Plague Locust

Unrealized natality and mortalities at successive development stages were measured during synchronized breeding by populations of the Australian plague locust. Studies were made over a 3-y period, covering nine generations, on small plots situated in pastures derived originally from savannah woodland in central western New South Wales. Variations in natality and mortalities were influenced more by variation in soil moisture, primarily through its effect on pasture conditions, than by the effects of natural enemies; these variations were closely correlated with seasonal rainfall. Unidentified losses, independent of known variables, were recorded in the hopper stage and were highest in the hatchling. Such losses invariably exceeded 60% even under the most favourable conditions encountered in the field during the study period. The quantitative relationships established in this study between the plague locust and its natural enemies and other environmental factors suggest that prospects for the biological control of this pest by either native or introduced species are poor.

Factors Influencing the Bacteriological Quality of Spa-Pool Waters in New South Wales (Australia)

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
A. G. Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Principal Factors

The increasing popularity in the use of spa pools during the 1970's and 1980's and the accompanying incidents of folliculitis and ear infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with spa-pool use has necessitated the development of bacteriological and chemical guidelines for spa-pool water quality. The New South Wales (N.S.W.) Department of Health introduced a bacteriological standard for swimming pools and spa-pools in 1981 based on the findings of a series of surveys aimed at identifying the principal factors influencing the bacteriological quality of spa waters. Four surveys are summarised in this paper. The major findings described are the tenfold higher recovery of P. aeruginosa from spa-pools than from outdoor pools; the need for at least 2.0 milligrams per litre (mg/L) free chlorine residual in order to achieve reliable satisfactory water quality in spas compared with a requirement of 1.0mg/L to achieve the same quality in outdoor pools; the need to maintain pH below 8.0 in order to ensure efficient chlorine disinfection; the apparent inability of bromochlorodimethylhydantoin to adequately disinfect spas during heavy bather load periods; and the success of the Health Department's spa-pool operator education program which resulted in a 30% reduction in the incidence of bacteriologically unsatisfactory spa-pool waters in N.S.W. between 1980 and 1986.

Characteristics of soil and productivity of Pinus radiata (D Don) in New South Wales .I. Relative importance of soil physical and chemical parameters

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
ND Turvey ◽  
AB Rudra ◽  
J Turner
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Physical And Chemical Parameters ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The objectives of the study were to determine whether selected soil physical and chemical parameters could be used as predictors of site and the productivity of Pinus radiata (D. Don). The study was carried out in the Lithgow district of New South Wales. Sixty plots were located in first-rotation unthinned stands of P. radiata of age 11 years. None of the stands had received fertilizer. The stands were selected to cover a wide range of merchantable volume production (0-175 m3 ha-1), and were located on a range of geological types including siltstone, medium-grained quartz sandstone, conglomerate, and rhyolitic tuff and lava. Soil depth was positively correlated, and per cent sand negatively correlated with all stand production variables. No other soil physical-or chemical variables were correlated consistently with stand variables. Discriminant analysis was used to test for the ability of a selected subset of soil physical and chemical variables to discriminate (a) between three volume production classes, and (b) between three geological groups. Soil depth, per cent sand, and total nitrogen contributed to two functions which discriminated between volume production groups. Cation exchange capacity, Bray phosphorus, per cent sand, exchangeable sodium, and total nitrogen contributed to two functions which discriminated between geological groups. Thus soil physical parameters were predominant in discriminating between volume production groups, and soil chemical parameters were predominant in discriminating between geological groups.

Subplasticity in Australian soils. V. Factors involved and techniques of dispersion

Soil Research ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Norrish ◽  
KG Tiller
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Montmorillonite Clays ◽  
Ionic Bonds ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The subplastic soils studied were two from the Riverina area of New South Wales, two montmorillonite rich clays formed on basalt, from South Australia and Queensland, and a krasnozem from New South Wales. To assess the effectiveness of physical and chemical methods of dispersion, theoretical clay contents were calculated from the ratio of the CEC of the soil to that of separated clay. The composition of the clay from the soils showed little or no change with degree of dispersion. To disperse the soils without chemical pretreatment, a method of disaggregation was devised that involved vigorous shaking of a soil paste. Following this technique the Riverina soils and the krasnozem yielded almost all their clay. Lithium saturation was the only chemical treatment that aided dispersion of the montmorillonite clays, and this, together with the high tetrahedral lattice charge, suggests that aggregate stability is mainly due to a large electrostatic interaction between clay sheets. Any pretreatments involving the use of sodium hydroxide improved clay yields for the Riverina soils. The data indicated that the loss of subplasticity was accompanied by the solution of clay, suggesting that aggregate stability was due to non-ionic bonds between clay particles, possibly as the result of intergrowth of clay mineral crystals. Organic matter and/or free iron oxide was responsible for cementation of the krasnozem.

Wheat crop surveys in southern New South Wales. 1. Some factors influencing grain protein

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Taylor
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
South Wales

Three surveys in southern New South Wales assessed the importance of a number of agronomic factors on grain protein content. Grain from clover ley areas had an average of 1.3 per cent more protein than grain from crops without a clover ley background. Multiple regression analyses of the 1961 and 1963 data from clover ley crops showed that each year of ley was associated with an average increase of 0.14 per cent protein. Each week's delay of sowing beyond April 1, was associated with an average increase of 0.17 per cent grain protein. Amount of superphosphate applied to ley, intensity of cropping, and length of fallow had no effect or inconsistent effects on grain protein. With crops after natural leys only sowing time had a consistent effect on grain protein. The regression was the same as for crops with a clover ley background.

Production and Characterization of Fly Ash from New South Wales Coals

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Roper ◽  
Daksh Baweja ◽  
Graham A. Kirkby
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Mineral Admixture ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Boiler Furnace ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACTFactors affecting fly ash characteristics are examined by consideration of the various processes and constituents involved in its production. Coal conversion, boiler-furnace operations and collection procedures are discussed. Current classification schemes applied to fly ash, in particular to those for use as a pozzolanic mineral admixture in concrete are reviewed. The variability of the material is highlighted using physical and chemical data. Shape and size characteristics of selected fly ashes from sources within New South Wales, Australia are illustrated by electron micrographs. The influence of these properties on resultant concrete properties are briefly considered. The formation of nodules of fly ash material on the surface of fabric filters is chosen to illustrate the importance of physical and chemical conditions in the collection chamber, whereas pH changes with time of the water phase in contact with selected fly ashes demonstrate the importance of chemical characteristics of the collected materials. Such chemical characteristics may influence the path of pozzolanic reactions significantly.

Podzol development in a holocene chronosequence .1. Moruya Heads, New South-Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Bowman
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
Shell Carbonate ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Shell Debris ◽  
Marine Shell

Calcareous sands (Fluvisols/Regosols) and Podzol soils of at least seven different ages (0, 2500, 3000, 5000, 5800, 6200 and 6500 calendar years) form a soil chronosequence in the prograded beach-ridge plain near Moruya Heads, on the south coast of New South Wales. Ages of the soils were determined by radiocarbon dating of marine shell deposited with the sediment. The soils range from undifferentiated quartz sand mixed with marine shell debris at the youngest site, to well developed podzols with pronounced AI, A2 and iron-humus B horizons at the oldest sites. Age trends are evident in a range of physical and chemical soil properties, the most significant of which are: an increase in the thickness of the A2 and B horizons with a concomitant decrease in C horizon thickness; a decrease in Munsell colour chroma in the A1 and A2 horizons and an increase in B horizon chroma; a fall in the pH of all horizons (particularly in the younger soils); an increase in depth to the leaching front of marine shell carbonate; the progressive leaching of HC1-extractable manganese, calcium, magnesium and sodium from the soil profiles; and the progressive development of the A2 and B horizons in terms of HC1-extractable iron and aluminium.

CRITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING EMPLOYMENT: A STUDY OF SMALL MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN SOUTH-EAST AUSTRALIA

2000 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 381-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN RAAR ◽  
ERIC SMITH ◽  
KATH CUMMINGS
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Employment Decisions ◽  
New Employees ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Determining Factors

Compliance with legislation has been highlighted as a factor influencing the reluctance of small and medium sized enterprises to take on new employees. With the objective of determining factors influencing smaller firms in their employment decisions, mailed questionnaires were used to survey small to medium manufacturing businesses in the Australian States of Victoria and New South Wales. Significant critical factors and deterrents to further employment were identified.

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