Estimates of carbon emissions from forest fires in Japan, 1979–2008

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Goto ◽  
Satoru Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Cycles ◽  
Trace Gas Emissions ◽  
Carbon Release ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
The Mean

Emissions from forest fires directly affect the global and regional carbon cycles by increasing atmospheric carbon as well as affecting carbon sequestration by forests. We have estimated the release of total carbon, carbon-based trace gases (CO2, CO, CH4) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emitted from forest fires in Japan during a 30-year period from 1979 through 2008. The area burnt varied widely from year to year but has gradually diminished since the 1980s. The mean annual area burnt during the period was 1878 ha. The mean annual estimate of direct carbon emissions from forest fires in Japan was 15.8 Gg C year–1 and ranged between 2.7 and 60.4 Gg C year–1. The mean annual trace gas emissions were 49.4 Gg CO2 year–1, 3.4 Gg CO year–1, 0.15 Gg CH4 year–1 and 0.18 Gg NMHC year–1. Although the carbon emissions varied widely from year to year based on the area burnt, they decreased dramatically from the 1980s onward. The interannual variations in trace gases parallel the total carbon emissions. The direct emissions from forest fires in Japan were substantially lower compared with the mean annual net primary production of Japanese forests or the carbon release in other countries and regions. However, the average annual carbon released per unit area burnt was comparable to that estimated in other regions and rose gradually with the increasing age of plantations.

scholarly journals The Australian terrestrial carbon budget

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 12259-12308 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Haverd ◽  
M. R. Raupach ◽  
P. R. Briggs ◽  
J. G. Canadell ◽  
S. J. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Riverine Export ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

Abstract. This paper reports a study of the full carbon (C-CO2) budget of the Australian continent, focussing on 1990–2011 in the context of estimates over two centuries. The work is a contribution to the RECCAP (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) project, as one of numerous regional studies being synthesised in RECCAP. In constructing the budget, we estimate the following component carbon fluxes: Net Primary Production (NPP); Net Ecosystem Production (NEP); fire; Land Use Change (LUC); riverine export; dust export; harvest (wood, crop and livestock) and fossil fuel emissions (both territorial and non-territorial). The mean NEP reveals that climate variability and rising CO2 contributed 12 ± 29 (1σ error on mean) and 68 ± 35 Tg C yr−1 respectively. However these gains were partially offset by fire and LUC (along with other minor fluxes), which caused net losses of 31 ± 5 Tg C yr−1 and 18 ± 7 Tg C yr−1 respectively. The resultant Net Biome Production (NBP) of 31 ± 35 Tg C yr−1 offset fossil fuel emissions (95 ± 6 Tg C yr−1) by 32 ± 36%. The interannual variability (IAV) in the Australian carbon budget exceeds Australia's total carbon emissions by fossil fuel combustion and is dominated by IAV in NEP. Territorial fossil fuel emissions are significantly smaller than the rapidly growing fossil fuel exports: in 2009–2010, Australia exported 2.5 times more carbon in fossil fuels than it emitted by burning fossil fuels.

Carbon storage patterns in Douglas-fir ecosystems

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 855-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell P. Cropper Jr. ◽  
Katherine Carter Ewel
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Carbon Release ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Storage Patterns

An ecosystem-level carbon cycling model, coupled with estimates of forested land area classified in 10-year age classes, was used to simulate regional net carbon storage in young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) ecosystems in western Oregon and Washington. The age-specific net carbon storage patterns were similar in 1934 and 1980, but total carbon storage was 1268 × 103 Mg more in 1980 than in 1934. Net carbon release was predicted for the first 15–20 years of forest development, because of decomposition of detritus and soil organic matter following harvest. This may vary between 10 and 30 years at specific sites with higher or lower actual evapotranspiration (AET) rates, respectively, than the regional average. Calculations of annual carbon storage based on tree biomass alone exceeded estimates calculated from the simulation by 1–2 Mg C•year−1.

scholarly journals Effects of vegetation zones and climatic changes on fire-induced atmospheric carbon emissions: a model based on paleodata

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Bremond ◽  
Christopher Carcaillet ◽  
Charly Favier ◽  
Adam A. Ali ◽  
Cédric Paitre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Carbon Release ◽  
Boreal Shield ◽  
Global Carbon

An original method is proposed for estimating past carbon emissions from fires in order to understand long-term changes in the biomass burning that, together with vegetation cover, act on the global carbon cycle and climate. The past carbon release resulting from paleo-fires during the Holocene is examined using a simple linear model between measured carbon emissions from modern fires and sedimentary charcoal records of biomass burning within boreal and cold temperate forests in eastern Canada (Quebec, Ontario). Direct carbon emissions are estimated for each ecozone for the present period and the fire anomaly per kilo annum (ka) v. present day (0 ka) deduced from charcoal series of 46 lakes and peats. Over the postglacial, the Taiga Shield ecozone does not match the pattern of fire history and carbon release of Boreal Shield, Atlantic Maritime, and Mixedwood Plains ecozones. This feature results from different air mass influences and the timing of vegetation dynamics. Our estimations show, first, that the contribution of the Mixedwood Plains and the Atlantic Maritime ecozones on the total carbon emissions by fires remains negligible compared with the Boreal Shield. Second, the Taiga Shield plays a key role by maintaining important carbon emissions, given it is today a lower contributor.

Direct carbon emissions from Canadian forest fires, 1959-1999

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
B D Amiro ◽  
J B Todd ◽  
B M Wotton ◽  
K A Logan ◽  
M D Flannigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Post Fire Effects ◽  
Large Fires ◽  
Sink Condition ◽  
The Mean

Direct emissions of carbon from Canadian forest fires were estimated for all Canada and for each ecozone for the period 1959–1999. The estimates were based on a data base of large fires for the country and calculations of fuel consumption for each fire using the Canadian Forest Fire Behaviour Prediction System. This technique used the fire locations and start dates to estimate prevailing fire weather and fuel type for each of about 11 000 fires. An average of 2 × 106 ha·year–1 was burned in this period, varying from 0.3 × 106 ha in 1978 to 7.5 × 106 ha in 1989. Ecozones of the boreal and taiga areas experienced the greatest area burned, releasing most of the carbon (C). The mean area-weighted fuel consumption for all fires was 2.6 kg dry fuel·m–2 (1.3 kg C·m–2), but ecozones vary from 1.8 to 3.9 kg dry fuel·m–2. The mean annual estimate of direct carbon emissions was 27 ± 6 Tg C·year–1. Individual years ranged from 3 to 115 Tg C·year–1. These direct fire emissions represent about 18% of the current carbon dioxide emissions from the Canadian energy sector, on average, but vary from 2 to 75% among years. Post-fire effects cause an additional loss of carbon and changes to the forest sink condition.

Forest floor fuel consumption and carbon emissions in Canadian boreal forest fires

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. de Groot ◽  
J.M. Pritchard ◽  
T.J. Lynham
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Fire Weather Index ◽  
Experimental Burn ◽  
Canadian Boreal Forest

In many forest types, over half of the total stand biomass is located in the forest floor. Carbon emissions during wildland fire are directly related to biomass (fuel) consumption. Consumption of forest floor fuel varies widely and is the greatest source of uncertainty in estimating total carbon emissions during fire. We used experimental burn data (59 burns, four fuel types) and wildfire data (69 plots, four fuel types) to develop a model of forest floor fuel consumption and carbon emissions in nonpeatland standing-timber fuel types. The experimental burn and wildfire data sets were analyzed separately and combined by regression to provide fuel consumption models. Model variables differed among fuel types, but preburn fuel load, duff depth, bulk density, and Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System components at the time of burning were common significant variables. The regression R2 values ranged from 0.206 to 0.980 (P < 0.001). The log–log model for all data combined explained 79.5% of the regression variation and is now being used to estimate annual carbon emissions from wildland fire. Forest floor carbon content at the wildfires ranged from 40.9% to 53.9%, and the carbon emission rate ranged from 0.29 to 2.43 kg·m–2.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF DIRECT PYROGENIC CARBON EMISSIONS IN RUSSIAN FORESTS FOR 2020 USING REMOTE MONITORING DATA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
D.V. Ershov ◽  
◽  
E.N. Sochilova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Entire Observation Period ◽  
Pyrogenic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Russian Forests ◽  
Observation Period

The paper presents the results of assessing pyrogenic emissions of carbon compounds in Russian forests for 2020 using remote monitoring methods. The area of forests damaged by fires was 6.5 mln ha, whereas the amount of carbon emissions was 36.5 MtC. Although the total area of damage is higher than the average annual values, the amount of pyrogenic carbon emissions is lower than the average annual ones. In absolute terms, the year corresponds to 2016. We registered an increase in annual carbon emissions from fires since the abnormal 2012. A preliminary analysis of the entire observation period for fires suggests that 2021 may be the next abnormal year after the years of 2003 and 2012 in terms of forest fires and direct pyrogenic carbon emissions into the atmosphere.

Estimating Carbon Stock of Live Trees Located on the Main Campus of the University of Georgia

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-465
Author(s):  
William Fox ◽  
Puneet Dwivedi ◽  
Roger C Lowe ◽  
Sarah Welch ◽  
Madisen Fuller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Universities And Colleges ◽  
University Of Georgia ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
The University

Abstract We developed a case study for estimating carbon stock (stored and annually sequestered) in aboveground and belowground portions of all the live trees located on the main campus of the University of Georgia. We recorded species, diameter at breast height, and height of trees located between East Broad Street and Carlton Street (north–south direction) and East Campus Road and Lumpkin Street (east–west direction) covering an area of 94.1 hectares. We used i-Tree Eco V6 for estimating carbon stock. There are 6,915 trees in the study area, out of which 73.0 percent (5,049 trees), 32.3 percent (2,236 trees), and 0.7 percent (50 trees) are native, understory, and invasive, respectively. The total carbon stored in trees is 3,450.4 t (SD = 65), and the annual sequestration rate is about 65 t. The University of Georgia should adopt a multifaceted approach for offsetting or reducing the overall carbon emissions, as annual sequestered carbon in measured trees is only 0.11 percent of the total carbon emitted by the university in 2018. This study highlights the role of trees in meeting the carbon reduction challenges faced by colleges and universities across the United States and beyond, and contextualizes the role of green spaces in general, and trees, in particular toward the ongoing movement of sustainable universities and campuses worldwide. Study Implications: Across the United States and beyond, universities and colleges are actively exploring ways to reduce their overall environmental footprint for achieving sustainable development goals. Trees located on the campuses of universities and colleges provide various ecosystem services, including carbon storage and annual sequestration. We advise that universities and colleges should explore other options to reduce or offset their annual carbon emissions, as the quantity of carbon annually sequestered in trees located on the main campuses could be small relative to their overall annual carbon emissions.

scholarly journals Carbon Emission Estimation of Assembled Composite Concrete Beams during Construction

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1810
Author(s):  
Kaitong Xu ◽  
Haibo Kang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ping Jiang ◽  
Na Li
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Composite Beams ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
The Government

At present, the issue of carbon emissions from buildings has become a hot topic, and carbon emission reduction is also becoming a political and economic contest for countries. As a result, the government and researchers have gradually begun to attach great importance to the industrialization of low-carbon and energy-saving buildings. The rise of prefabricated buildings has promoted a major transformation of the construction methods in the construction industry, which is conducive to reducing the consumption of resources and energy, and of great significance in promoting the low-carbon emission reduction of industrial buildings. This article mainly studies the calculation model for carbon emissions of the three-stage life cycle of component production, logistics transportation, and on-site installation in the whole construction process of composite beams for prefabricated buildings. The construction of CG-2 composite beams in Fujian province, China, was taken as the example. Based on the life cycle assessment method, carbon emissions from the actual construction process of composite beams were evaluated, and that generated by the composite beam components during the transportation stage by using diesel, gasoline, and electric energy consumption methods were compared in detail. The results show that (1) the carbon emissions generated by composite beams during the production stage were relatively high, accounting for 80.8% of the total carbon emissions, while during the transport stage and installation stage, they only accounted for 7.6% and 11.6%, respectively; and (2) during the transportation stage with three different energy-consuming trucks, the carbon emissions from diesel fuel trucks were higher, reaching 186.05 kg, followed by gasoline trucks, which generated about 115.68 kg; electric trucks produced the lowest, only 12.24 kg.

scholarly journals Consumer willingness-to-pay for restaurant surcharges to reduce carbon emissions: default and information effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Dede Long ◽  
Grant H. West ◽  
Rodolfo M. Nayga
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Dichotomous Choice ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Agriculture And Food

Abstract The agriculture and food sectors contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. About 15 percent of food-related carbon emissions are channeled through restaurants. Using a contingent valuation (CV) method with double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) questions, this article investigates U.S. consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for an optional restaurant surcharge in support of carbon emission reduction programs. The mean estimated WTP for a surcharge is 6.05 percent of an average restaurant check, while the median WTP is 3.64 percent. Our results show that individuals have a higher WTP when the surcharge is automatically added to restaurant checks. We also find that an information nudge—a short climate change script—significantly increases WTP. Additionally, our results demonstrate that there is heterogeneity in treatment effects across consumers’ age, environmental awareness, and economic views. Our findings suggest that a surcharge program could transfer a meaningful amount of the agricultural carbon reduction burden to consumers that farmers currently shoulder.

Multi-Objective Fleet Assignment Problem Based on Self-Adaptive Genetic Algorithm

2013 ◽  
Vol 694-697 ◽  
pp. 2895-2900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Yang ◽  
Bo Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Assignment Problem ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Adaptive Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Route Network ◽  
Assignment Model ◽  
Key Factor

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, energy conservation has become the theme of the development of the world. China government set the emissions-reduction targets in various industries on the 12th Five-Year Plan. And the airlines were committed to reduce their carbon emissions. From an operational perspective, the airline model assignment problem is a key factor of the total carbon emissions on the entire route network. But the traditional aircraft assignment models approach did not account for this purpose to reduce carbon emissions. By constructing the multi-objective optimization models consider carbon emissions assignment model using a genetic algorithm, numerical example shows that the model is able to meet all aspects demand which include meeting route network capacity demand, minimizing operating costs and reducing total aircraft fleet carbon emissions.

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