Sex- and age-related variations in cranial measurements and suture closure in the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea (Peron, 1816)

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Tedman
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Cranial Sutures ◽  
Neophoca Cinerea ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cranial Measurements ◽  
Condylobasal Length ◽  
Skull Growth ◽  
Early Closure ◽  
Suture Fusion

A total of 65 skulls of the Australian sealion, Neophoca cinerea, was examined to investigate the extent to which sexual dimorphism is reflected in cranial dimensions (n = 32) and skull growth, and to determine whether cranial sutures (n = 18) can be useful in age determination. All adult skull dimensions studied display significant sexual dimorphism. Skull growth ceases close to 4–7 years of age for females (Suture Fusion Rating, SFR 25–34) but skull growth in males continues until at least 16 years of age. In animals with a SFR ≥� 25, male skulls have a minimum condylobasal length of 272 mm, whereas female skulls have a maximum condylobasal length of 259 mm. The relatively early closure of the cranial vault sutures (cessation of brain growth) is balanced by the continued growth of the bony projections that provide muscle attachment (e.g. mastoid width). The later fusion of the snout and palate sutures corresponds with the continued growth of the snout and palate to match the prolonged growth of the mandibles. The upper sixth postcanine tooth was present in 43% of the adult female skulls, but only 15% of the adult male skulls. The data suggest that it may be possible to determine age(s) from examination of the sequence of fusion of cranial sutures as well as by calculation of an overall suture fusion rating for the skull.

Study of Sexual Dimorphism in the Closure of Sagittal Suture – A Postmortem Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 2319-2322
Author(s):  
Zulfiqar Ali Buzdar ◽  
Maryam Shahid ◽  
Kanwal Zahra ◽  
Muhammad Anwar Sibtain Fazli ◽  
Javaid Munir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cranial Sutures ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sagittal Suture ◽  
Prime Task ◽  
Early Closure ◽  
Suture Closure ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Postmortem Examinations

Background: Performing identity is a prime task in medicolegal and postmortem examinations. Age is the first parameter that has to be determined followed by sex. There are several techniques through which sex can be determined. As well there are different anatomical, physiological and pathological parameters determination of sex. Aim: To determine the sexual dimorphism in the cranial sagittal suture closure macroscopically. Methods: All the cases for this purpose had been selected from those brought for autopsy in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, King Edward Medical University Lahore during the year 2016. Results: The statistical analysis revealed early closure in males than in females both ectocranially and endocranially with advancing age in the sagittal suture of cranial vault. The p value was found significant being less than 0.05 thereby establishing the fact that sexual dimorphism in the cranial sagittal suture exists. Conclusion: Conclusively the determination of sex is possible from the pattern of Cranial Sutures closure on autopsy table. Key words: Sex, Sagittal, Suture, Cranial

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Triad of Acquired Sensorineural Hearing Loss

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8111
Author(s):  
Kuang-Hsu Lien ◽  
Chao-Hui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Hearing Loss

The triad of noise-generated, drug-induced, and age-related hearing loss is the major cause of acquired sensorineural hearing loss (ASNHL) in modern society. Although these three forms of hearing loss display similar underlying mechanisms, detailed studies have revealed the presence of sex differences in the auditory system both in human and animal models of ASNHL. However, the sexual dimorphism of hearing varies among noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), ototoxicity, and age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Importantly, estrogen may play an essential role in modulating the pathophysiological mechanisms in the cochlea and several reports have shown that the effects of hormone replacement therapy on hearing loss are complex. This review will summarize the clinical features of sex differences in ASNHL, compare the animal investigations of cochlear sexual dimorphism in response to the three insults, and address how estrogen affects the auditory organ at molecular levels.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism in the progression of type 2 diabetic kidney disease in T2DN rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denisha R Spires ◽  
Oleg Palygin ◽  
Vladislav Levchenko ◽  
Elena Isaeva ◽  
Christine A. Klemens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Glomerular Injury ◽  
Diabetic Kidney ◽  
Age Related

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common complication of diabetes, which frequently leads to end-stage renal failure and increases cardiovascular disease risk. Hyperglycemia promotes renal pathologies such as glomerulosclerosis, tubular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, and a decline in glomerular filtration rate. Importantly, recent clinical data have demonstrated distinct sexual dimorphism in the pathogenesis of DKD in people with diabetes, which impacts both severity- and age-related risk factors. This study aimed to define sexual dimorphism and renal function in a non-obese type 2 diabetes model with the spontaneous development of advanced diabetic nephropathy (T2DN rats). T2DN rats at 12- and over 48-weeks old were used to define disease progression and kidney injury development. We found impaired glucose tolerance and glomerular hyperfiltration in T2DN rats to compare with non-diabetic Wistar control. The T2DN rat displays a significant sexual dimorphism in insulin resistance, plasma cholesterol, renal and glomerular injury, urinary nephrin shedding, and albumin handling. Our results indicate that both male and female T2DN rats developed non-obese type 2 DKD phenotype, where the females had significant protection from the development of severe forms of DKD. Our findings provide further evidence for the T2DN rat strain's effectiveness for studying the multiple facets of DKD.

Secondary spinal canal stenosis associated with long-term ventriculoperitoneal shunting

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 854-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Kobayashi ◽  
Kazuo Hashi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Canal ◽  
Spinal Canal Stenosis ◽  
Cranial Sutures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vp Shunt ◽  
Canal Stenosis ◽  
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunting ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Early Closure

✓ Secondary changes in the cervical spine were studied in 18 cases with long-term ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting. Significant decreases in the anteroposterior diameter of cervical spinal canal and interpedicular distance were noted in patients who had had a VP shunt placed before 2 years of age and in whom sustained low intracranial pressure persisted for a long time, as evidenced by early closure of the cranial sutures or thickening of the cranial bones.

Compensatory growth following premature closure of the coronal suture in rabbits

1982 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Babler ◽  
John A. Persing ◽  
H. Richard Winn ◽  
John A. Jane ◽  
George T. Rodeheaver
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Cranial Sutures ◽  
Coronal Suture ◽  
Skull Morphology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Premature Closure ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Skull Growth ◽  
Skull Deformation ◽  
Surgical Release

✓ Premature closure of a cranial suture results in skull deformation characterized by inhibited skull growth in a direction perpendicular to the course of the affected suture. Early surgical release of the closed suture results in a “normal” skull morphology. The present experimental study measured alterations in growth at the transverse cranial sutures that occurred following induced premature closure of the coronal suture and its subsequent release in New Zealand White rabbits. Using roentgenocephalometric methods, growth and morphometric changes were monitored at the frontonasal, coronal, and anterior lambdoid sutures following premature closure of the coronal suture at 9 days of age. The results indicated that premature closure of the coronal suture did not result in compensatory (increased) growth at the other transverse sutures of the vault. In fact, growth at these sutures was significantly reduced. This reduced growth at adjacent transverse sutures was not ameliorated by early surgical release of the fused suture.

Sexual Dimorphism of Cranial Sutures in Maharashtra and North-Karnataka Region

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
U K Makandar ◽  
Vishuddha M Kaushal ◽  
R Rajendra ◽  
J H Sharieff
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cranial Sutures

Suture pathology in craniosynostosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Leland Albright ◽  
Ryland P. Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Cranial Sutures ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Microscopic Evidence ◽  
Suture Fusion ◽  
Clinical Abnormality ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Gross and histological pathology of skull sutures affected by craniosynostosis was evaluated. Nineteen sutures were examined: 14 sagittal, three coronal, and two metopic. Sutures were removed en bloc, examined grossly, then sectioned perpendicular to the axis of the suture and examined microscopically. Foci of dural invagination into the sutures occurred in only four of the 19 specimens. In areas of maximum clinical abnormality, there was no microscopic evidence of the suture. The suture adjacent to the fused portion was narrowed by encroaching calvaria, and suture farther away was normal. Suture ossification was never multifocal. In infants less than 1 year old, the extent of suture fusion did not correlate with age. It is concluded that craniosynostosis is characterized by the progressive obliteration of cranial sutures by fusion of adjacent cranial bones, and that changes in the skull base angles are secondary to suture obliteration.

Sexual dimorphism in arterial hypertension: an age-related phenomenon

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Antonicelli ◽  
Rosaria Gesuita ◽  
Enrico Paciaroni
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Age Related

Geographic and sexual variation in the skull of Pacific coast marten (Martes americana)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1386-1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo R. Giannico ◽  
David W. Nagorsen
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Martes Americana ◽  
The Third ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Sexual Variation ◽  
Cranial Measurements

From multivariate analyses of 25 cranial measurements, we assessed geographic and sexual variation in three island and two mainland samples of Pacific coast marten (Marten americana) from the caurina subspecies group. Three morphological groups were evident: the first from Queen Charlotte Islands, the second from Alexander Archipelago and Alaska Panhandle, and the third from Vancouver Island and the southern British Columbia coast. We concluded that the subspecies M. a. nesophila should be restricted to the Queen Charlotte Islands; Vancouver Island and southern British Columbia coastal marten are aligned with M. a. caurina. Alaskan marten showed some affinities with the americana subspecies group. The strong differentiation of M. a. nesophila is concordant with the isolation and unique selection regime of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Sexual dimorphism was most pronounced in island samples; possible explanations for this trend are discussed.

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