The Dietary Energy and Nitrogen Requirements of the Gray-Headed Flying Fox, Pteropus-Poliocephalus (Temminck) (Megachiroptera)

The maintenance energy (MER) and nitrogen (MNR) requirements of Pteropus poliocephalus were determined from a series of feeding trials with artificial diets. The low basal metabolic rate (BMR: 225 kJ.kg-0.75.d-') of this bat is associated with a low MNR (457 mg. kg-0.75.d-') but does not reflect a low MER (667 kJ.kg-0.75.d-'). From flight data of Carpenter and the MER from this study, a minimal field energy budget was calculated to be 944 kJ. .d-'. This value is high compared to that of microchiropteran bats. Studies of the digestibility of two fruit diets, native fig and apple, showed that more energy than nitrogen was apparently absorbed. The latter is a limiting nutrient in the apple diet, so that 3.2 times as much dry matter must be consumed in order to meet the nitrogen requirement as for the field energy requirement. It is postulated that the low BMR and low MNR are associated with an interrupted or restricted source of dietary nitrogen. A high MER may provide a means by which surplus energy is dissipated as heat. An ititake of excess energy in order to meet nitrogen requirements also explains how P. poliocephalus can afford a high field energy budget.

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Studies on marsupial nutrition V. the nitrogen requirements of the euro, Macropus robustus

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo9670007 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

GD Brown ◽

A.R. Main

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Arid Environment ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Dietary Nitrogen ◽

Faecal Nitrogen ◽

Feeding Trials ◽

Comparison Of The Results ◽

Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Urinary Nitrogen

The nitrogen requirements of some female euros (Macropus robustus) were determined by means of nitrogen balance feeding trials. The average minimum dietary nitrogen requirement for the maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium was 1.99 g/day or 309 mg/day per kgW*0.73. The metabolic faecal nitrogen output of the euros, determined indirectly, was estimated to be 0.27 g/100 g dry matter intake. The minimum digestible nitrogen requirements of the euros were 160 mg/day per kgW*0.73, equivalent to approximately 1 g digestible nitrogen per day. The minimum urinary nitrogen excretion of the euros, at dietary nitrogen intakes of approximately 1 g/day, was an average of 34 mg/day per kgW*0.73. Comparison of the results obtained with data for eutherian species reported in the literature indicates that the nitrogen requirements and urinary nitrogen excretion of this species is markedly less than that of eutherian species. The results are briefly discussed in relation to survival of the euro in the arid environment of the Pilbara district of Western Australia.

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Meat quality and fatty acid profile of the musculus longissimus lumborum in Czech Fleckvieh, Charolais and Charolais × Czech Fleckvieh bulls fed different types of silages

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/1713-cjas ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 479-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

L. Bartoň ◽

D. Bureš ◽

V. Kudrna

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Intramuscular Fat ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Different Types ◽

Longissimus Lumborum

The effects of breed and diet containing different types of silages on meat quality parameters and fatty acid profile of m. longissimus lumborum (MLL) were evaluated in a total of 30 Czech Fleckvieh (CF), Charolais (CH) and Charolais × Czech Fleckvieh (CH × CF) bulls. The animals were fed two mixed diets: MS (based on maize silage) and LCS (based on legume-cereal mixture silage and lucerne silages) with different concentrations of dietary energy and fatty acids. The MLL from CH bulls had the lowest content of dry matter (P < 0.01), less protein (P < 0.01) and lighter meat (P < 0.01) compared to the CF. The extensive LCS diet reduced dry matter (P < 0.01) and intramuscular fat (P < 0.01) and increased the content of hydroxyproline (P < 0.05). The CH bulls exhibited higher PUFA n-3 (P < 0.05) and lower MUFA (P < 0.05) compared to the CF, with the CH × CF being intermediate. The LCS diet enhanced the proportions of PUFA (P < 0.05) and PUFA n-3 (P < 0.001) and reduced MUFA (P < 0.001). In conclusion, both breed and diet affected the meat quality and fatty acid profile of the intramuscular fat of the bulls. The replacement of maize silage with the legume-cereal mixture and lucerne silages in the diet reduced the concentration of intramuscular fat and improved its fatty acid profile from the human nutrition perspective.

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Larval migration in oral and parenteral Toxocara pteropodis infections and a comparison with T. canis dispersal in the flying fox, Pteropus poliocephalus

International Journal for Parasitology ◽

10.1016/0020-7519(89)90116-1 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 891-896

Author(s):

Paul Prociv

Keyword(s):

Larval Migration ◽

Pteropus Poliocephalus ◽

Flying Fox

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Effect of creep feed intake on weaning weight of piglets

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s175275620059334x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 138-138

Author(s):

S. Kavanagh ◽

P.B. Lynch ◽

P.J. Caffrey ◽

W.D. Henry

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Management Systems ◽

Creep Feeding ◽

Creep Feed ◽

Combining Data ◽

Medium Quality ◽

Feeding Trials ◽

Supplementary Feed

The benefits of creep feeding in a 3 - 4 week weaning system is uncertain. Sow milk yield peaks at 3 - 4 weeks postpartum and the need for supplementary feed to maintain growth rates of suckling pigs is minimal. The objective of this study was to quantify creep feed intake by suckling pigs and to assess the effect of creep feeding on piglet growth and weight at weaning when weaned at 26.0 (s.e. 0.6) days of age.The results reported here were obtained by combining data from 296 litters of suckling pigs on 5 creep feeding trials. The five trials involved comparison of diets and management systems as follows: (A) effect of quality of creep feed (high quality starter diet vs medium quality starter diet vs a pelleted cooked cereal); (B) comparison of meal and pelleted diets; (C) the effect of form (reconstituted calf milk replacer - 20 % dry matter vs solid pellet vs peat primer offered with a solid pellet); (D) effect of feed freshness (fresh creep vs 30 day old creep vs 60 day old creep feed); (E) effect of creep feeding piglets on pre-weaning performance.

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Energy Requirement and Food Intake Behaviour in Young Adult Intact Male Cats with and without Predisposition to Overweight

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/2012/509854 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Brigitta Wichert ◽

Julia Trossen ◽

Daniel Uebelhart ◽

Marcel Wanner ◽

Sonja Hartnack

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Energy Requirements ◽

Intact Male ◽

Feeding Station ◽

Condition Score

Obesity is a common problem in cats. In the experimental cat family of the institute of animal nutrition besides a “normal” lean phenotype, cats with predisposition to an overweight phenotype are present. To investigate energy requirements and food intake behaviour of intact male cats of different phenotypes, six “normal” lean cats (GL) and six cats disposed to overweight (GO) were used. At the beginning of the experiment, all cats had an ideal body condition score of 5. To reach this the GO cats had to pass a weight-loss program. Energy requirements of the cats were determined using respiration chambers, whereas the amount and frequency of food intake was measured with a feeding station recording the data automatically. Energy requirement at weight constancy of the GO cats was even on fat-free mass (FFM) significantly (P=0.02) lower (162.6 kJ/kg FFM/d) than that of the “normal” lean cats (246 kJ/kg FFM/d). The GO cats also showed a higher food intake34.5±1.5 g dry matter/kg body weight0.67compared to the GL cats (24.0±2.1 g dry matter/kg body weight0.67)(P=0.001). In conclusion quantifiable differences in food intake and behaviour in cats predisposed to overweight compared to “normal” lean cats were found.

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Pteropus poliocephalus (Gray-headed fruit bat, flying fox)

An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-6436-2_5 ◽

1977 ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

T. C. Hsu ◽

Kurt Benirschke

Keyword(s):

Fruit Bat ◽

Pteropus Poliocephalus ◽

Flying Fox

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Effects of dietary energy levels using calcium salts of fatty acids on nutritive value of diets and milk quality in peripartum dairy goats

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542014000300009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 286-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rodrigo de Souza ◽

Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽

Bruna Hygino ◽

Bruna Susan de Labio Molina ◽

Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Level ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Milk Quality ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Dairy Goats

Peripartum is a critical period for dairy goats, as dry matter intake (DMI) is not enough to supply the energy requirement for foetal growth and subsequent lactation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) to increase dietary energy level of peripartum dairy goats and its effects on nutritive value of diets and milk quality. Twenty multiparous Saanen goats (body weight 63.5±10.3 kg) were distributed in a completely randomised design in four treatments at the following dietary energy levels: 2.6 Mcal of metabolisable energy per kg of dry matter (Mcal ME/kg DM) - control diet; and 2.7, 2.8, and 2.9 Mcal/kg DM - with added CSFA. Goats were housed in individual stalls and evaluated in the peripartum period, by measuring body weight (BW), DMI, dry matter and nutrient digestibility of diets, blood composition, and milk quality and yield. Increasing dietary energy level to 2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM had no effect on BW and did not limit DMI. CSFA supplementation increased intake of total digestible nutrients and did not affect fibre digestion. Blood triglycerides and cholesterol concentration increased with CSFA addition. The treatments had no effect on milk yield and composition; however, CSFA supplementation changed the fatty acid concentration of milk fat, increasing levels of polyunsaturated and essential fatty acids. In conclusion, peripartum dairy goats supplemented with CSFA to increase dietary energy level up to 2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM had a greater supply of total digestible nutrients and showed altered fatty acid concentration of milk fat.

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Effects of abomasal fat infusion on dry matter intake, milk production and splanchnic metabolism in dairy cows at two stages of lactation

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200594629 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1997 ◽

pp. 21-21

Author(s):

J.A. Benson ◽

C.K. Reynolds ◽

D.J. Humphries ◽

D.E. Beever ◽

S.M. Rutter

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Concentration ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

Fat Infusion ◽

Fat Supplements ◽

Two Stages

Fat is often fed to dairy cows as a means of increasing dietary energy concentration; however feeding fat often reduces feed intake. For many fat supplements this can be due to negative effects on rumen digestion, however feeding rumen inert fat and post ruminal infusions of fat can also depress intake although the mechanism by which this happens is not clear. The effect of fat on intake may also be influenced by stage of lactation as in early lactation fatty acid levels in the blood can be elevated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fat infusion into the abomasum on dry matter (DM) intake, milk production and metabolism of splanchnic tissues (portal drained viscera (PDV) and liver) in early and mid lactation cows.

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