Gill Surface-Area and Its Components in the Yellowfin Bream, Acanthopagrus-Australis (Gunther) (Pisces, Sparidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
FR Roubal
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Filament Length ◽  
Basal Zone ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

As head length (HL) of Acanthopagrus australis increases, fewer gill filaments are added, total gill filament length (TFL) increases linearly, and total gill surface area (TSA) increases exponentially. Changes in surface area components [surface area per lamella (SA), distance between adjacent lamellae (DBT) and number of lamellae per zone on one side of the filament (NPZ)] with increasing HL were examined in the distal, middle and basal zones (relative lengths 3:10:1) of a corresponding filament on the external hemibranch of the four gill arches. SA was the smallest in the basal zone and largest in the middle zone; DBT was greatest in the distal zone and smallest in the basal zone; SA and DBT increased at similar rates in different gill arches within the distal and middle zones but at different rates in each zone within an arch; growth of NPZ in the middle zone differed among gill arches but did not in the distal zone. Surface area of lamellae in the middle zone contributed most to increasing TSA. Compared with other fish of intermediate activity, the estimate of TSA for A. australis was smaller than expected; although DBT and TFL were as expected, SA was smaller than expected; possible reasons include method of measurement in situ, shrinkage caused by fixation, and absence of a weighting factor. The method employed enables large numbers of lamellae and filaments in a large number of fish to be measured, and enables regression equations to be derived that relate surface area per filament zone to head length and filament length in order to estimate the loss of surface area caused by ectoparasites.

Comparison of Ectoparasite Pathology on Gills of Yellowfin Bream, Acanthopagrus-Australis (Gunther) (Pisces, Sparidae) - a Surface-Area Approach

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
FR Roubal
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Filament Length ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

The number of gill filaments, length of gill filament and corresponding surface area affected by individual adults of Haliotrerna spariensis (Monogenea) and Ergasilus sp. and individual adults, subadults and larvae of Alella macrotrachelus (Copepoda) are examined in a large size range of the host, Acanthopagrus australis. The effects of these parasites are analysed as proportions of total filament length and total gill surface area. The parasites arranged in order of increasing number of filaments affected are: Ergasilus sp., larval A. macrotrachelus, H. spariensis, subadult A. macrotrachelus and adult A. macrotrachelus. For Ergasilus sp., H. spariensis and larval A. macrotrachelus, the length of filament affected was constant irrespective of host size; adult A. macrotrachelus affect greater lengths of filament in smaller fish, but subadult stages affect greater lengths in larger fish. Possible reasons for this are discussed. The relative pathogenicity is reduced when filament length is converted to surface area. This reduction is greater in smaller fish because they have a smaller surface area per unit length of filament than larger fish.

Respiratory gill surface area of a facultative air-breathing loricariid fish, Rhinelepis strigosa

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 2009-2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. C. Santos ◽  
M. N. Fernandes ◽  
W. Severi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
B Value ◽  
Filament Length ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

The respiratory surface area of the gill in relation to body mass of the facultative air-breathing loricariid fish Rhinelepis strigosa was analyzed using logarithmic transformation (log Y = log a + b log W) of the equation Y = aWb. The data revealed differences in growth pattern for each gill element. The increase in gill surface area was not isometric with body mass (b = 0.76). The total number of secondary lamellae (b = 0.38) and the average bilateral surface area of the secondary lamellae (b = 0.46) contributed most to the rate of development of the gill surface area (total area of the secondary lamellae) with increase in body mass. Gill filament length (b = 0.339) was more important than the frequency (number/mm) of secondary lamellae in determining the increase in the total number of secondary lamellae. The number of gill filaments showed the lowest b value, 0.072. Rhinelepis strigosa has a larger gill surface area than most other air-breathing fish, indicating that it is better adapted for breathing in water than in air.

Spatial distribution of the parasite Kroyeria carchariaeglauci Hesse, 1879 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Kroyeriidae) on gills of the blue shark (Prionace glauca (L., 1758))

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1275-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Benz ◽  
Kevin S. Dupre
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Blue Shark ◽  
Prionace Glauca ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

Five blue sharks (Prionace glauca) were examined for gill-infesting copepods. Three species of siphonostomatoid copepods were collected: Gangliopus pyriformis, Phyllothyreus cornutus, and Kroyeria carchariaeglauci. The spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was analyzed. The number of K. carchariaeglauci per shark was positively related to gill surface area and host size. Copepods were unevenly distributed amongst hemibranchs; flanking hemibranchs could be arranged into three statistically homogeneous groups. Female K. carchariaeglauci typically attached themselves within the middle 40% of each hemibranch; males were more evenly dispersed. Eighty percent of all K. carchariaeglauci attached themselves to secondary lamellae, the remainder were in the underlying excurrent water channels. Most K. carchariaeglauci were located between 10 and 25 mm along the lengths of gill filaments. Overall, the spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was quite specific in all study planes. Explanation of this distribution is set forth in terms of natural selection pressures; however, the equally plausible explanation that the distribution pattern exhibited by these copepods is phylogenetically determined and may have little to do with contemporary selective constraints should not be ignored.

Ultrastructure and morphometry of the gills of Latimeria chalumnae , and a comparison with the gills of associated fishes

1980 ◽  
Vol 208 (1172) ◽  
pp. 309-328 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Phylogenetic Relations ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Grande Comore ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
Epithelial Layers ◽  
Shallow Water Species

The gross morphology of Latimeria gills is characterized by well developed interbranchial septa that extend almost to the tips of the filaments of each hemibranch and among living fish resembles most closely that of the gills of the lungfish, Neoceratodus . Morphometric studies have shown that Latimeria has a very small gill surface area ( ca . 18 mm 2 /g body mass). The total length of the gill filaments is low and comparable with that of other fishes caught at similar depths (200 m) off Grande Comore. These fish also have smaller gill areas than those of shallow water species collected during the British-French-American expedition. The second gill arches of embryonic and very small Latimeria have a similar number of filaments to those of the adults and regression analysis suggests that filament length increases more gradually with body size in Latimeria than in most other fish, except for some Pacific fish collected from depths of 1300 m. Latimeria gills were examined in the electron microscope and compared with those of Neoceratodus . In both species the basic structure is similar to that of other fishes, having a water-blood barrier consisting of two epithelial layers, a basement membrane and pillar cell flange layers. The outer surface of the epithelium is covered with microvilli and microridges beneath which are a series of bodies reminiscent of those found in elasmo-branch fish. In Latimeria the spaces between the two epithelial layers contained lymphocytes of several types that were similar to those present in the blood channels. As in other fish secondary lamellae, the marginal channels are lined by endothelial cells containing typical osmiophilic granules, but, unlike in Latimeria and all other fish examined, such bodies were also present in the pillar cells of Neoceratodus . The distance between water and red blood cells in Latimeria is greater (6-8 μm) than in most fish and this, together with the low gill surface area, shows that this fish is ill-equipped for high oxygen uptake. A very sluggish mode of life is indicated and excessive exercise would result in hypoxic stress. The gills thus combine features related to the phylogenetic relations of Latimeria with others that it shares with unrelated fish living in similar habitats.

Attachment of eggs by Lamellodiscus acanthopagri (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) to the gills of Acanthopagrus australis (Pisces: Sparidae), with evidence for auto-infection and postsettlement migration

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank R. Roubal
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Epithelial Hyperplasia ◽  
Basal Zone ◽  
Sparid Fish ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Low Levels

The eggs of the diplectanid monogenean Lamellodiscus acanthopagri are T-shaped with a thornlike filament that is inserted into the epithelium between respiratory lamellae on the gills of the sparid fish Acanthopagrus australis. The resulting epithelial hyperplasia eventually sheds the egg. The most extensive hyperplasia is always associated with mature and hatched eggs. Few developing eggs are shed from the gills. Most eggs are attached in the basal third of the gill filament irrespective of infection intensity. Most adult and juvenile parasites are in this basal zone at low levels of infection, but predominate in the middle zone at higher infections. A ciliated oncomiracidium hatches from the egg and may attach nearby. As it develops, the parasite apparently moves distally on the gill filament. Only a few fish in the wild have high intensities of infection by L. acanthopagri compared with six other species of monogenean on, A. australis. Auto-infection occurs at all levels of infection but dispersal of larvae to the water column may limit population size on host individuals.

scholarly journals Erythrocyte Volume, Plasma Volume, and Lean Body Mass in Adult Men and Women

Blood ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN A. RETZLAFF ◽  
W. NEWLON TAUXE ◽  
JOSEPH M. KIELY ◽  
CHARLES F. STROEBEL
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Surface Area Ratio ◽  
Erythrocyte Volume ◽  
Normal Males

Abstract Erythrocyte volume, plasma volume, hematocrit, lean body mass (from total body water), skinfold thickness (at three sites), arm circumference, height, and weight were measured in 40 normal males, 38 normal females, and 12 obese females. From these data on the normal subjects, equations for estimating erythrocyte and plasma volumes were derived. Equations utilizing combined height-weight, surface area, height-weight-skinfold thickness, or lean body mass were found to be the most accurate for predicting erythrocyte and plasma volumes in normal and in obese subjects. The body:venous hematocrit ratio (BH:VH) and the variability of this ratio in our subjects were determined and discussed. Errors in indirect estimates of blood volumes based on this ratio are presented. Erythrocyte and plasma volume standards based on height-weight regression equations or surface area ratio equation are suggested for use in clinical laboratories. Tables and a nomogram based on these equations have been prepared and are available on request.

scholarly journals Morphometry of Rhinomugil Corsula (Hamilton, 1822) From Sitakunda Coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-241
Author(s):  
Syeda Ismat Ara ◽  
Mohammad Ali Azadi ◽  
Munira Nasiruddin ◽  
Aftab Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Investigation Period ◽  
R Value ◽  
Rhinomugil Corsula

A total of 65 specimens of Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton, 1822), measuring from 8.1 cm to 28.9 cm in total length, collected from the Sitakunda coast of the Bay of Bengal, were used for the morphometric analysis during the period between March 2016 and February 2018. Twenty seven morphometric characters were selected and studied during the investigation period. The regression equations – both arithmetic and logarithmic – between the total length (TL) and 21 morphometric characters, and head length (HL) with five morphometric characters related to the head, were determined. The value of coefficient of correlation ‘r’ for each relationship was calculated and t-test for each ‘r’ value was also done. The relationships of the various measurements of the body with the total length – and head length with the five relevant characters -of R. corsula from the Sitakunda coast of the Bay of Bengal showed linear relationships, which were highly significant (P<0.01). The ranges of ‘b’ values 0.967 to 1.346 in case of the relationships between TL and 21 relevant characters, whereas 0.906 to 1.236 in case of the relationships between HL and 5 relevant characters. These values differ insignificantly (P>0.01) with typical value b=1 indicating isometric relationships among the characters. Bangladesh J. Zool. 49 (2): 229-241, 2021

Acute defense mechanisms against hemorrhage from mechanical gill injury in rainbow trout

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. R460-R465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Sundin ◽  
Göran E. Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Serotonin Receptors ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Blood Clotting ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Thrombocyte Aggregation ◽  
Fish Gill ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Gill Filaments

By cutting gill filaments in anesthetized rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss), observing the bleeding through a stereomicroscope, and using blockers of various known endogenous filament artery vasoconstrictors, we have here attempted to characterize hemostatic mechanisms in gills. The immediate hemostatic response to a cut in a gill filament artery was a local vasoconstriction, stopping the hemorrhage within ∼20 s. In heparinized fish, the hemorrhage recommenced after ∼8 min, suggesting that the vasoconstriction soon subsides and blood clotting becomes responsible for the hemostasis. Antagonists of acetylcholine, adenosine, and serotonin receptors were unable to block the hemostatic vasoconstriction. Also, tetrodotoxin was without effect, indicating a nonnervous origin. By contrast, indomethacin significantly affected the measured bleeding times, suggesting that eicosanoids play a significant role in this process (possibly by stimulating vasoconstriction and/or by inducing local thrombocyte aggregation). By possessing several hundred virtually identical filaments with readily observable vasculature, the fish gill appears to be a good experimental model for studying hemostatic mechanisms.

Description of the larva of Cinygmula levanidovi Tshernova & Belov, 1982(Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) with redescription of the male adult from the Russian Far East

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4772 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
TATIANA M. TIUNOVA
Keyword(s):  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Similar Shape ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
The One ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Russian Far East

The larvae, male and female imagines, and eggs of Cinygmula levanidovi Tshernova & Belov 1982 are described based on reared specimens from the Russian Far East. The larvae, female imago and eggs are described and illustrated for the first time. The larva of C. levanidovi is similar to the one of C. hirasana Imanishi, 1935 and C. kurenzovi (Bajkova, 1965). However, it can be distinguished from these species and from all other Far Eastern Cinygmula by the shape of its tergalius I, which has a heart-shape and bears a single short gill filament. Tergalius I of C. hirasana and C. kurenzovi possess a similar shape, but there are no gill filaments on the first and the other tergalii. 

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