scholarly journals Universal brain signature of proficient reading: Evidence from four contrasting languages

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (50) ◽  
pp. 15510-15515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay G. Rueckl ◽  
Pedro M. Paz-Alonso ◽  
Peter J. Molfese ◽  
Wen-Jui Kuo ◽  
Atira Bick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Mri ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Reading Proficiency ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Literacy Acquisition ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Adult Readers ◽  
Semantic Categorization

We propose and test a theoretical perspective in which a universal hallmark of successful literacy acquisition is the convergence of the speech and orthographic processing systems onto a common network of neural structures, regardless of how spoken words are represented orthographically in a writing system. During functional MRI, skilled adult readers of four distinct and highly contrasting languages, Spanish, English, Hebrew, and Chinese, performed an identical semantic categorization task to spoken and written words. Results from three complementary analytic approaches demonstrate limited language variation, with speech–print convergence emerging as a common brain signature of reading proficiency across the wide spectrum of selected languages, whether their writing system is alphabetic or logographic, whether it is opaque or transparent, and regardless of the phonological and morphological structure it represents.

scholarly journals Tracking Adult Literacy Acquisition With Functional MRI: A Single-Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia W. Braga ◽  
Eduardo Amemiya ◽  
Alexandre Tauil ◽  
Denis Suguieda ◽  
Carolina Lacerda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Mri ◽  
Adult Literacy ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Literacy Acquisition ◽  
Single Case Study

scholarly journals Effects of interword spacing on native English readers of Chinese as a second language

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bene Bassetti ◽  
Mehui Lu
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Spacing Effect ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Reading Proficiency ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Gap Filling ◽  
Reading Materials ◽  
Word Boundaries ◽  
L1 English

AbstractInterword spacing facilitates English native readers but not native readers of Chinese, a writing system that does not mark word boundaries. L1-English readers of Chinese as a Second Language (CSL) could then be facilitated if spacing is added between words in Chinese materials. However, previous studies produced inconsistent results. This study tested the hypothesis that interword spacing facilitates L1-English CSL readers. We used an online multiple-choice gap-filling task to test 12 English CSL readers and 12 Chinese natives reading a series of eight texts of suitable difficulty, written with or without interword spacing. The CSL readers read faster with interword spacing than without, while Chinese native readers were not affected. The interword spacing effect was negatively correlated with measures of reading proficiency. It is argued that interword spacing facilitates CSL readers reading materials of sufficient complexity by facilitating their lexical parsing. Pedagogical implications are discussed.

A functional MRI study of orthographic processing of Kanji

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. S265
Author(s):  
Idai Uchida ◽  
Hideyuki Kikyo ◽  
Kyoichi Nakajima ◽  
Seiki Konishi ◽  
Kensuke Sekihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Mri ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Mri Study

Word frequency modulates morpheme-based reading in poor and skilled Italian readers

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEFANIA MARCOLINI ◽  
DANIELA TRAFICANTE ◽  
PIERLUIGI ZOCCOLOTTI ◽  
CRISTINA BURANI
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Reading Fluency ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Adult Readers ◽  
Skilled Readers ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Whole Word ◽  
Derivational Suffix

ABSTRACTA previous study reported that, similar to young and adult skilled readers, Italian developmental dyslexics read pseudowords made up of a root and a derivational suffix faster and more accurately than simple pseudowords. Unlike skilled readers, only dyslexic and reading-matched younger children benefited from morphological structure in reading words aloud. In this study, we show that word frequency affects the probability of morpheme-based reading, interacting with reading ability. Young skilled readers named low- but not high-frequency morphologically complex words faster than simple words. By contrast, the advantage for morphologically complex words was present in poor readers irrespective of word frequency. Adult readers showed no facilitating effect of morphological structure. These results indicate that young readers use reading units (morphemes) that are larger than the single-grapheme grain size. It is argued that morpheme-based reading is important for obtaining reading fluency (rather than accuracy) in transparent orthographies and is useful particularly in children with limited reading ability who do not fully master whole-word processing.

scholarly journals Ο αναδυόμενος γραμματισμός στην προσχολική εκπαίδευση: Νέα ζητήματα και εκπαιδευτικές προτάσεις

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Manolitsis
Keyword(s):  
Emergent Literacy ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Literacy Acquisition ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Emergent Reading ◽  
Narrative Skills ◽  
Literacy Knowledge ◽  
Triangular Model

The present study aims to describe a theoretical perspective of emergent literacy, based on a detailed literature review of previous theoretical models, and on contemporary research findings on the structure of emergent literacy. A triangular model is suggested to explain the construct of emergent literacy. A prominent role is given to the continuous interaction of various contextual experiences with the components of emergent literacy. The construct of emergent literacy consists of three major components which are considered critical for literacy acquisition. These major components are the knowledge of literacy concepts, literacy skills and literacy behaviours. The knowledge components include concepts about print and letter knowledge; the literacy skills include oral language (vocabulary, listening comprehension, and narrative skills) and metalinguistic (phonological, syntactic and morphological awareness) skills; literacy behaviour includes emergent reading and emergent writing. According to this triangular model, the components of literacy knowledge and literacy skills are intercorrelated, while both components influence the emergence of literacy behaviours such as emergent reading and writing. However, beyond the direct links of each major component to each other, there are also indirect links among them through the effects of the experiences children get from the contexts they live in. These experiences originate from home and school contexts. Educational implications for optimal literacy acquisition from an early age are discussed based on the suggestions of this triangular model.

Transposition Effects in an Aksharic Writing System: The Case of Hindi

2020 ◽  
pp. 002383092097131
Author(s):  
Anurag Rimzhim ◽  
Avantika Johri ◽  
Damian G. Kelty-Stephen ◽  
Carol A. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Base Word ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Adult Readers ◽  
Stimulus Set ◽  
Functional Units ◽  
Formal Characteristic

We tested for transposition effects (TEs) in Hindi (a Modern Indo-Aryan language) using unprimed lexical decision. TEs are defined as less accurate and slower responses to transposed-nonwords (e.g., ‹psate›, formed from base-word ‹paste›) than corresponding replaced-nonwords (e.g., ‹pzute›). In Hindi’s orthography, letters map transparently to phonemes (except schwa), but the letters are arranged into “akshars,” (‹[Cn]V›) which encode open syllables. This formal characteristic makes Hindi’s orthography typologically “aksharic.” We used TEs to determine whether the orthography’s typological units, letters and akshars, are also functional units for readers. We conducted three visual word recognition experiments with adult readers whose native language was Hindi. In Experiment 1, we found TEs for consonant (‹C›) and matra (‹M›, a vowel diacritic) letters, using different stimulus sets for each type of transposition. In the next two experiments, we used the same base words to form all of the transposed and replaced items. In Experiment 2, we replicated the findings of Experiment 1 in a different stimulus set; additionally, we found TEs for transpositions between a ‹C› letter and a ‹CM› akshar. In Experiment 3, we replicated results of the first two experiments by finding TEs for both consonants and matras in another stimulus set; additionally, we found similar TEs for ‹CM› akshars. These results show that ‹C› and ‹M› letters are functional units for Hindi readers; the transposition results for ‹CM› akshars are tentative. TEs for letters show that the aksharic grouping of letters does not prevent readers from decoding the constituent letters of akshars. Hindi is read alphabetically.

The case of the neglected alphasyllabary: Orthographic processing in Devanagari

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 302-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaitra Rao ◽  
Shweta Soni ◽  
Nandini Chatterjee Singh
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Universal Models ◽  
Character Position ◽  
Multicultural Perspectives

AbstractWe applaud Ram Frost for highlighting the need for multicultural perspectives while developing universal models of visual word recognition. We second Frost's proposal that factors like lexical morphology should be incorporated besides purely orthographic features in modeling word recognition. In support, we provide fresh evidence from Hindi (written in Devanagari), an example of hitherto under-represented alphasyllabic orthographies, in which flexible encoding of akṣara (character) position is constrained by the morphological structure of words.

scholarly journals Complications of Urogenital Chlamydial Infection in Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Kukhta ◽  
Oleksandr Aleksandruk
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Group I ◽  
Urogenital Chlamydial Infection

The objective of the research was to identify the spectrum of complications in women with chronic urogenital chlamydial infection. Materials and methods. There were examined 128 women with chronic inflammatory diseases of genital organs at the age of 16-40 years who were diagnosed with urogenital chlamydial infection and 25 apparently healthy women. In both women with chlamydial infection and healthy ones, urogenital chlamydial infection was diagnosed based on the data of clinical examination and the results of laboratory tests (the identification of chlamydial morphological structure on the pathologic specimens stained according to the Romanowsky-Giemsa method; the identification of chlamydial antigens using the direct immunofluorescence technique; the study of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody titers using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results. According to the results of our study, chlamydiae were the most common causes of inflammatory lesions of the urogenital organs in women of different ages leading to different reproductive complications and affecting females mostly at the age of 21-30 years. In women of Group I and Group II, chronic chlamydial disease was detected; disease duration ranged from 6 months to more than 2 years. Miscarriages, infertility (primary, secondary), ectopic pregnancy (tubal, ovarian) were the severest and the most numerous reproductive complications in the examined patients. Conclusion. Chronic chlamydial infection is the most common disease of the female urinogenital organs leading to a wide spectrum of complications including infertility (primary, secondary), miscarriages, ectopic pregnancy (tubal, ovarian), chronic abdominal pain, sexual dysfunction (low libido, hypo/anorgasmia, painful intercourse, neurotic symptoms).

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