scholarly journals Uncalculating cooperation is used to signal trustworthiness

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (31) ◽  
pp. 8658-8663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian J. Jordan ◽  
Moshe Hoffman ◽  
Martin A. Nowak ◽  
David G. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Romantic Love ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Present Experimental Evidence ◽  
Do So

Humans frequently cooperate without carefully weighing the costs and benefits. As a result, people may wind up cooperating when it is not worthwhile to do so. Why risk making costly mistakes? Here, we present experimental evidence that reputation concerns provide an answer: people cooperate in an uncalculating way to signal their trustworthiness to observers. We present two economic game experiments in which uncalculating versus calculating decision-making is operationalized by either a subject’s choice of whether to reveal the precise costs of cooperating (Exp. 1) or the time a subject spends considering these costs (Exp. 2). In both experiments, we find that participants are more likely to engage in uncalculating cooperation when their decision-making process is observable to others. Furthermore, we confirm that people who engage in uncalculating cooperation are perceived as, and actually are, more trustworthy than people who cooperate in a calculating way. Taken together, these data provide the first empirical evidence, to our knowledge, that uncalculating cooperation is used to signal trustworthiness, and is not merely an efficient decision-making strategy that reduces cognitive costs. Our results thus help to explain a range of puzzling behaviors, such as extreme altruism, the use of ethical principles, and romantic love.

Demystifying intuition as the main decision system used by farmers.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nuthall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Decision System ◽  
Intuitive Process ◽  
Important Improvement ◽  
The Many ◽  
Do So

Abstract Over the decades, many researchers have explored the concept of intuition as a decision-making process. However, most of this research does not quantify the important aspects of intuition, making it difficult to fully understand its nature and improve the intuitive process, enabling an efficient method of decision-making. The research described here, through a review of the relevant literature, demystifies intuition as a decision system by isolating the important intuition determining variables and relating them to quantitative intuition research. As most farm decisions are made through intuition, farmers, consultants, researchers and students of farm management will find the review useful, stimulating efforts for improving decision-making skills in farmers. The literature search covered all journals and recent decades and includes articles that consider the variables to be targeted in improving intuitive skill. This provides a basis for thinking about intuition and its improvement within the farming world. It was found from the literature that most of the logical areas that should influence decisions do in fact do so and should be targeted in improving intuition. One of the most important improvement processes is a farmer's self-criticism skills through using a decision diary in conjunction with reflection and consultation leading to improved decisions. This must be in conjunction with understanding, and learning about, the many other variables also impacting on intuitive skill.

scholarly journals Conducting Clinical Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Investigator and Participant Perspectives (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad R Padala ◽  
Ashlyn M Jendro ◽  
Kalpana P Padala
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
National Guidance ◽  
National Organizations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Participant Perspectives

UNSTRUCTURED As the medical landscape changes daily with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, clinical researchers are caught off-guard and are forced to make decisions on research visits in their ongoing clinical trials. Although there is some guidance from local and national organizations, the principal investigator (PI) is ultimately responsible for determining the risk-benefit ratio of conducting, rescheduling, or cancelling each research visit. The PI should take into consideration the ethical principles of research, local/national guidance, the community risk of the pandemic in their locale, staffing strain, and the risk involved to each participant, to ultimately decide on the course of action. While balancing the rights and protection of the human subject, we seldom examine patients’ views and opinions about their scheduled research visit(s). This article discusses the ethical principles of beneficence and autonomy in helping the decision-making process. We discuss ways to weigh-in local and national guidance, staffing strain, and institutional support into the decision-making process and outline potential changes needed for regulatory bodies depending on the decision. Further, we discuss the need to weigh-in the individual risk-benefit ratio for each participant and present a decision tree to navigate this complex process. Finally, we examine participant and caregiver perspectives on their fears, sense of preparedness, and factors that they consider before deciding whether to keep or postpone the research appointments. This entry also provides PIs ways to support their research participants in both scenarios, including provision of psychological support.

scholarly journals Bank Lobbying

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (171) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deniz Igan ◽  
Thomas Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Regulatory Capture ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Regulatory Decisions

In this paper, we discuss whether and how bank lobbying can lead to regulatory capture and have real consequences through an overview of the motivations behind bank lobbying and of recent empirical evidence on the subject. Overall, the findings are consistent with regulatory capture, which lessens the support for tighter rules and enforcement. This in turn allows riskier practices and worse economic outcomes. The evidence provides insights into how the rising political power of banks in the early 2000s propelled the financial system and the economy into crisis. While these findings should not be interpreted as a call for an outright ban of lobbying, they point in the direction of a need for rethinking the framework governing interactions between regulators and banks. Enhanced transparency of regulatory decisions as well as strenghtened checks and balances within the decision-making process would go in this direction.

PERAKENDECİLERİN ETİK DEĞERLENDİRMELERİ: GIDA VE GİYİM PERAKENDECİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramazan Kurtoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Marketing Activity ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Ethical Behaviors ◽  
Consumer Reactions ◽  
Unethical Behaviors

Rapid developments in retailing sector bring about some ethical problems. Retailing is a faceto-face marketing activity by its nature. Thus, ethical problems in retailing directly affect consumers and consumer reactions turn directly to retailers. Therefore, defining and solving the ethical problems in retailing is an important issue for retailers. The main purpose of this study is to identify the food and clothing retailers’ perspective about ethical purchase decision making process and their evaluations on this subject. Beside this, identifying the differences of these evaluations in terms of the demographic characteristics of retailers is another objective of this study. Findings show that retailers generally approve ethical behaviors and disapprove unethical behaviors. In addition, evaluations of retailers differ in terms of some demographic characteristics. Results of the study also show that retailers are sensitive about unethical actions and behaviors and they believe that all the retailers must act according to ethical principles.

Board Ancestral Diversity and Firm-Performance Volatility

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 1117-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariassunta Giannetti ◽  
Mengxin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Firm Performance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Industry Peers ◽  
Performance Volatility

We proxy for board members’ opinions and values using directors’ ancestral origins and show that diversity has costs and benefits, leading to high performance volatility. Consistent with the idea that diverse groups experiment more, firms with ancestrally diverse boards have more numerous and more cited patents. In addition, their strategies conform less to those of the industry peers. However, firms with greater ancestral diversity also have more board meetings and make less predictable decisions. These findings suggest that diversity may lead to inefficiencies in the decision-making process and conflicts in the boardroom.

Tax Equalization in Mutual Funds

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Gill ◽  
Christopher Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Additional Fund ◽  
Fund Families ◽  
As If

ABSTRACT By making an annual tax election, open-ended mutual funds can treat redeeming shareholders as if they have been allocated a pro-rata share of taxable gains, when in fact they have not (known as “equalization”). Equalization provides significant benefits to shareholders and funds; however, it also leads to additional fund-level costs. In this study, we use equalization elections to examine how managers weigh the costs and benefits of tax minimization. Overall, our results suggest both are important in the decision-making process. Even though funds and investors both benefit, only 10 percent of funds use equalization. Funds in larger fund families and with higher expense ratios, both proxies for the additional infrastructure necessary to calculate equalization dividends, are more likely to use equalization. Equalization is also used when its benefits are highest, such as by funds with greater redemptions and larger unrealized gains. Data Availability: Contact the first author.

scholarly journals Using Basic Ethical Principles to Evaluate Safety Efforts in Transfusion Medicine

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay P. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Transfusion Medicine ◽  
Blood Safety ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Made In

Pursuit of pharmaceutical purity of the blood in the bag has led to a shrinking donor base and a significantly more expensive product. Decisions regarding new infectious marker testing and donor deferrals have typically been made emphasizing decreasing one specific risk without considering the effect the intervention will have on the overall safety and availability of blood transfusion. Regulations have been formulated by governmental agencies with limited input from the medical community. The decision making process has lacked risk benefit analyses and has not had the robustness associated with spirited discussions. Policies made in this manner may result in certain risks being decreased but can also have adverse unintended consequences. Being guided by the ethical principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice, we need to evaluate our actions in the context of overall blood safety rather than narrowly focusing on any one area.

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