scholarly journals Reconstructing sexual divisions of labor from fingerprints on Ancestral Puebloan pottery

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (25) ◽  
pp. 12220-12225 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kantner ◽  
David McKinney ◽  
Michele Pierson ◽  
Shaza Wester
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Chaco Canyon ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Ancestral Puebloan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

An understanding of the division of labor in different societies, and especially how it evolved in the human species, is fundamental to most analyses of social, political, and economic systems. The ability to reconstruct how labor was organized, however, especially in ancient societies that left behind few material remains, is challenged by the paucity of direct evidence demonstrating who was involved in production. This is particularly true for identifying divisions of labor along lines of age, sex, and gender, for which archaeological interpretations mostly rely upon inferences derived from modern examples with uncertain applicability to ancient societies. Drawing upon biometric studies of human fingerprints showing statistically distinct ridge breadth measurements for juveniles, males, and females, this study reports a method for collecting fingerprint impressions left on ancient material culture and using them to distinguish the sex of the artifacts’ producers. The method is applied to a sample of 985 ceramic sherds from a 1,000-y-old Ancestral Puebloan community in the US Southwest, a period characterized by the rapid emergence of a highly influential religious and political center at Chaco Canyon. The fingerprint evidence demonstrates that both males and females were significantly involved in pottery production and further suggests that the contributions of each sex varied over time and even among different social groups in the same community. The results indicate that despite long-standing assumptions that pottery production in Ancient Puebloan societies was primarily a female activity, labor was not strictly divided and instead was likely quite dynamic.

Reverse tomboy: (Re)definitions of gender fluidity through sensory engagement with material culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 149-170
Author(s):  
Charlie Athill
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Sensory Ethnography ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cross Dressing ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Embodied Practice

This narrative case study explores how material culture, in the form of dress, grooming and accessories, is utilized to establish a gender-fluid presentation of the self. It focuses on Tim Mustoe, a 42-year-old heterosexual creative living and working in London, whose embodied practice contributes to the problematization of gender normativity through a disruption of culturally established links between appearance, gender and sex. The study considers how a particular form of non-spectacular cross dressing is used to integrate into a work environment and also operate within a non-queer social environment. The study explores the affective power of material culture in the reification of subject position and as a means of resilience and empowerment through everyday practice and also considers its significance on a social, intersubjective level. The methodology used for this case draws on sensory ethnography and includes a queer reflexive turn to consider parallels and contrasts between my own and Tim’s experience and practice. Conceptualizations of subjectivity, sex, gender are considered in relation to those on material culture, and the study draws on scholarship related to cross-dressing in the United Kingdom. Tim identifies as a man, as do I; however, his embodied practice and gender identification proffer a particular response to culturally embedded norms relating to the binaries of sex and gender. Therefore, in relation to male femininity, I propose the notion of feminizing as an amendment to the concept of femaling, which assumes the identification with or transition to a cisgender position. This study explores the phenomenology of dress as an expressive tool of gratification and as a means of integration for which the imperatives of professionalism, age and respectability are key factors.

scholarly journals ENGINEERING, DESIGN AND GENDER: A REVIEW OF APPROACHES AND POSSIBLE INFLUENCES

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Burns
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Design Engineering ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Holistic Thinking ◽  
Left Handedness ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

This paper is intended to promote discussion of the human processes involved in Engineering and Design. For the convenience of discussion, a distinction is proposed, between ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ - ‘males and females’ and ‘masculine and feminine’. Recent work studying the participation of female students in the currently male dominated profession of engineering is reviewed. The paper thus explores engineering and design, left-handedness, hunting and gathering, communication, collaboration, sustainability, nurture, holistic thinking, the Kyoto Accord, and how developments in the masculine and feminine aspects of design and engineering may well be essential to the future of Design Engineering.

scholarly journals The role of sex and gender in neuropsychiatric disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-352 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Function

The prevalence, age of onset, and clinical symptoms of many neuropsychiatric diseases substantially differ between males and females. Factors influencing the relationships between brain development and function and sex or gender may help us understand the differences between males and females in terms of risk or resilience factors in brain diseases.

scholarly journals Indications and Findings of Upper Endoscopies in Males and Females, Are They the Same or Different?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1620
Author(s):  
Naim Abu-Freha ◽  
Roni Gat ◽  
Aerin Philip ◽  
Baha Yousef ◽  
Liza Ben Shoshan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Duodenal Ulcer ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Upper Endoscopy ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Duodenal Ulcers ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
And Gender

Sex and gender can affect the prevalence and prognosis of diseases. Our aim was to assess similarities and differences for males and females who underwent an upper endoscopy, with regards to indications and results. We reviewed all upper endoscopy reports from 2012 to 2016. Data regarding demographics, indications, and procedure findings were collected. The upper endoscopy findings were compared regarding the most common indications: gastroesophageal reflux, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, and anemia. We investigated 12,213 gastroscopies among males (age, 56.7 ± 17.4) and 15,817 among females (age, 56.0 ± 17.3, p = 0.002). Males who underwent an upper endoscopy for gastroesophageal reflux had higher rates of esophagitis (7.7% vs. 3.4%, p < 0.001) and Barret’s esophagus (4.4% vs. 1.5%, p < 0.001). Females who underwent an upper endoscopy for abdominal pain had a higher rate of hiatal hernia, whereas males had higher rates of esophagitis, helicobacter pylori infection, gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenitis, and duodenal ulcer (p < 0.001). Gastrointestinal bleeding as an indication for upper endoscopy showed that helicobacter, duodenitis, and duodenal ulcers are more common among males compared to females (p < 0.001). Males with anemia who underwent an upper endoscopy had higher rates of esophagitis (p = 0.021) gastritis (p = 0.002), duodenitis (p < 0.001), and duodenal ulcer (p < 0.001). We found significant differences regarding the pathological gastroscopy findings between males and females in relation to the different indications.

scholarly journals SITI: Javanese’s Beliefs as the Representation of Gender Roles and Inequalities towards Women’s Position

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fransiska Rahayu Myrlinda
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Doing Gender ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Patriarchal Society ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACT             Being males and females is biologically constructed since human beings were born. Meanwhile, there is also strict distinction done by society to divide people into men and women or usually called as doing gender stereotype. It effects on different assumptions that are attached to them. As the result, people are categorized based on their own gender roles in society. Java, as the symbol of patriarchal society, is the ethnic which agrees with this social phenomenon. Its beliefs symbolize how men and women have different social status. It also results in different gender roles. SITI is the film which deals with this phenomenon. It shows that being “obedient” Javanese women will give effect on social status towards different genders. The theories of sex and gender and also patriarchal society were used to get the reliable data. Keywords: SITI, Sex and Gender, Inequality, Javanese’s beliefs ABSTRAK                 Menjadi pria dan wanita secara biologis dibangun sejak manusia dilahirkan. Sementara itu, ada juga perbedaan mendalam yang masyarakat lakukan untuk membagi manusia menjadi pria dan wanita atau biasa disebut sebagai stereotip di gender. Hal ini berpengaruh pada perbedaan asumsi yang melekat padanya. Sebagai akibat, manusia dikategorikan berdasarkan peran gender mereka sendiri di masyarakat. Jawa, sebagai simbol masyarakat patriarkal, adalah etnis yang setuju dengan fenomena sosial ini. Kepercayaan yang ada pada masyarakat Jawa melambangkan bagaimana pria dan wanita memiliki status sosial yang berbeda. Hal ini juga menghasilkan peran gender yang berbeda. SITI adalah film yang merepresentasikan fenomena ini. Film ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagai perempuan Jawa yang “taat” akan memberikan efek pada status sosial dari gender yang berbeda. Teori seks dan gender serta masyarakat patriarki digunakan untuk mendapatkan data yang sesuai. Kata Kunci: SITI, Teori seks dan gender, Ketidaksetaraan, Kepercayaan Jawa

scholarly journals Considering sex and gender in Alzheimer disease and other dementias

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-446 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Dementia Research ◽  
Disease Impact ◽  
Excessive Alcohol ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Male To Female

Suffering related to dementia is multifaceted because cognitive and physical functioning slowly deteriorates. Advanced age and sex, two of the most prominent risk factors for dementia, are not modifiable. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol use, and poor diet modulate susceptibility to dementia in both males and females. The degree to which the resulting health conditions (eg, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease) impact dementia risk varies by sex. Depending on the subtype of dementia, the ratio of male to female prevalence differs. For example, females are at greater risk of developing Alzheimer disease dementia, whereas males are at greater risk of developing vascular dementia. This review examines sex and gender differences in the development of dementia with the goal of highlighting factors that require further investigation. Considering sex as a biological variable in dementia research promises to advance our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of these conditions.

Site, age, and gender distribution of extra-gonadal germ cell tumors in the US from 1973 to 2015.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16051-e16051
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Pan ◽  
Ugonna Ihenacho ◽  
Victoria Cortesssis ◽  
Syem Barakzai ◽  
James S Hu
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cell Tumors ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
The Us ◽  
Germ Cell Migration ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Histologic Types ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

e16051 Background: Germ cell tumors (GCT) commonly arise in post pubertal gonads where they are influenced by sexually dimorphic hormone signaling. More rarely, extra-gonadal GCTs (EGGCTs) arise in midline sites, coinciding with the route of primordial germ cell migration. EGGCTs are proposed to arise from cells not completing this migration. We characterized the incidence of EGGCTs according to patient and tumor features in an attempt to elucidate tumor origins. Methods: In Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program SEER*Stat Database SEER 9 Regs Research Data, 1973-2015, primary EGGCT cases were identified by ICD-O-3 histologic types (seminoma: 9060-9062, 9064; non-seminoma 9065-9101) grouped into central nervous system (CNS), mediastinum, and other EGGCT sites. Age-specific incidences for males and females were divided into adolescents and young adults (AYA) defined by the National Cancer Institute as 15-39 years of age, and younger childhood and older adult groups. Results: In AYAs and older adults, age-adjusted incidence of males exceeded that of females at all sites (p≤0.006, all comparisons) (Table). Male incidence was highest in AYAs (all EGGCT, 4.35/1,000,000 person-years (Mpy); mediastinum, 2.17/Mpy; other 0.68/Mpy). Female incidence was highest in childhood (CNS, 0.86/Mpy; mediastinum, 0.14/Mpy; other 0.64/Mp-y). Conclusions: Patterns of EGGCT incidence differ substantially between sexes. Permissive extra-gonadal sites of males or male-predominant exposures may explain higher incidence in males. Alternatively, EGGCT precursor cells may have sex-specific features affecting malignant potential. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Sex and Gender in the US Health Surveillance System: A Call to Action

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 970-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerith J. Conron ◽  
Stewart J. Landers ◽  
Sari L. Reisner ◽  
Randall L. Sell
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
System A ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals Transvestites as Actors and Transactors

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Susan McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Folk Drama ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Other World ◽  
And Gender

In this essay I shall be dealing, first of all, with western categories of sex and gender and examining how these are dichotomised into a dualistic opposition of male and female. This dualism may even entail the surgical "correction" of bodies so as to·ensure a congruence of gender assignment, identity and role. Western dualism is opposed to 'anomalous' categories. It becomes evident that such classification rests on culturally specific views of both natural and social reality. Material will be presented here to show exactly how culturally relative these concepts are; in Bali for example, the religious and social order pivots on the unity of males and females which correlates with the unity and oneness of the Hindu gods. This oneness is also manifested by the important role that both male and female transvestites play as transactors between 'this world and the other world' in temple ritual and dances. With the decline of the Hindu pantheism and the rise of monotheistic Islam in Java, the former unity developed into a dichotomy of male and female. Here the only legitimate role for the transvetite is as a low status actor protraying old heroines and redundant gods. In Malaysia, the transvestite may be an actor or even a shaman dealing in 'unorthodox' religious categories which, somehow, equate with ambiguous roles in modern day society. Here again, with the rise of a theocentric Islam male and female roles became dichotomised in society, although both folk drama and shamanistic ritual performances are evocative and reminiscent of the former Hindu 'unity'. It is apparent that transvestites perform on the 'periphery' of society. A special 'liminal' niche is set aside and bounded, yet it is clear that the very context of "betwixt and betweeness" may also he functional for the wider society - be it of a religious, magical, dramatic or even a sexual nature. In South East Asia the recognised roles of the transvestite lends a legitimacy to potential ambiguity which contrasts, somewhat starkly, with the rigid insistence in western societies on the duality of gender, emphasis on conforminity, and a negation or intolerance of anomalous categories of gender.

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