scholarly journals Machine learning uncovers the most robust self-report predictors of relationship quality across 43 longitudinal couples studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (32) ◽  
pp. 19061-19071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Joel ◽  
Paul W. Eastwick ◽  
Colleen J. Allison ◽  
Ximena B. Arriaga ◽  
Zachary G. Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Individual Difference Variables ◽  
Partner Satisfaction

Given the powerful implications of relationship quality for health and well-being, a central mission of relationship science is explaining why some romantic relationships thrive more than others. This large-scale project used machine learning (i.e., Random Forests) to 1) quantify the extent to which relationship quality is predictable and 2) identify which constructs reliably predict relationship quality. Across 43 dyadic longitudinal datasets from 29 laboratories, the top relationship-specific predictors of relationship quality were perceived-partner commitment, appreciation, sexual satisfaction, perceived-partner satisfaction, and conflict. The top individual-difference predictors were life satisfaction, negative affect, depression, attachment avoidance, and attachment anxiety. Overall, relationship-specific variables predicted up to 45% of variance at baseline, and up to 18% of variance at the end of each study. Individual differences also performed well (21% and 12%, respectively). Actor-reported variables (i.e., own relationship-specific and individual-difference variables) predicted two to four times more variance than partner-reported variables (i.e., the partner’s ratings on those variables). Importantly, individual differences and partner reports had no predictive effects beyond actor-reported relationship-specific variables alone. These findings imply that the sum of all individual differences and partner experiences exert their influence on relationship quality via a person’s own relationship-specific experiences, and effects due to moderation by individual differences and moderation by partner-reports may be quite small. Finally, relationship-quality change (i.e., increases or decreases in relationship quality over the course of a study) was largely unpredictable from any combination of self-report variables. This collective effort should guide future models of relationships.

Machine-learning as a validated tool to characterize individual differences in free recall of naturalistic events.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxu Shen ◽  
Troy Houser ◽  
David Victor Smith ◽  
Vishnu P. Murty
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Difference Analysis ◽  
Universal Sentence ◽  
Natural Language Processing Tool

The use of naturalistic stimuli, such as narrative movies, is gaining popularity in many fields, characterizing memory, affect, and decision-making. Narrative recall paradigms are often used to capture the complexity and richness of memory for naturalistic events. However, scoring narrative recalls is time-consuming and prone to human biases. Here, we show the validity and reliability of using a natural language processing tool, the Universal Sentence Encoder (USE), to automatically score narrative recall. We compared the reliability in scoring made between two independent raters (i.e., hand-scored) and between our automated algorithm and individual raters (i.e., automated) on trial-unique, video clips of magic tricks. Study 1 showed that our automated segmentation approaches yielded high reliability and reflected measures yielded by hand-scoring, and further that the results using USE outperformed another popular natural language processing tool, GloVe. In study two, we tested whether our automated approach remained valid when testing individual’s varying on clinically-relevant dimensions that influence episodic memory, age and anxiety. We found that our automated approach was equally reliable across both age groups and anxiety groups, which shows the efficacy of our approach to assess narrative recall in large-scale individual difference analysis. In sum, these findings suggested that machine learning approaches implementing USE are a promising tool for scoring large-scale narrative recalls and perform individual difference analysis for research using naturalistic stimuli.

scholarly journals Screens, Teens, and Psychological Well-Being: Evidence From Three Time-Use-Diary Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 682-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Orben ◽  
Andrew K. Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Psychological Evidence

The notion that digital-screen engagement decreases adolescent well-being has become a recurring feature in public, political, and scientific conversation. The current level of psychological evidence, however, is far removed from the certainty voiced by many commentators. There is little clear-cut evidence that screen time decreases adolescent well-being, and most psychological results are based on single-country, exploratory studies that rely on inaccurate but popular self-report measures of digital-screen engagement. In this study, which encompassed three nationally representative large-scale data sets from Ireland, the United States, and the United Kingdom ( N = 17,247 after data exclusions) and included time-use-diary measures of digital-screen engagement, we used both exploratory and confirmatory study designs to introduce methodological and analytical improvements to a growing psychological research area. We found little evidence for substantial negative associations between digital-screen engagement—measured throughout the day or particularly before bedtime—and adolescent well-being.

Consumer Meaning Making: The Meaning of Luxury Brands in a Democratised Luxury World

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselot Hudders ◽  
Mario Pandelaere ◽  
Patrick Vyncke
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Luxury Brands ◽  
Luxury Brand ◽  
Brand Meaning ◽  
Individual Difference Variables ◽  
Consumer Perspective ◽  
Universal Definition ◽  
Definition Of

The nature of luxury is constantly changing and this makes it difficult to formulate a universal definition of luxury brands. The current paper aims to enrich the understanding of luxury brand meaning from a consumer perspective. In particular, this paper investigates consumers' perceptions of luxury brands based on the extent to which they associate various attributes to luxury brands. A large-scale survey in the Flemish part of Belgium reveals three facets of luxury brand meaning: an expressive facet that refers to the exclusivity of luxury brands, an impressive-functional facet that refers to premium quality and an impressiveemotional facet that refers to extraordinary aesthetic aspects. In addition, the current study distinguishes three consumer segments (i.e. impressive, expressive and mixed segment) that differ from each other for the importance they attach to these facets of luxury brand meaning. The impressive segment associates luxury brand meaning with both impressive-functional and impressive-emotional facets, while the expressive segment associates luxury brand meaning with the expressive facet, rather than with impressive facets. The third segment, mixed group, thinks both expressive and impressive facets of luxury brand meaning need to be present before a brand can be categorised as luxury brand. In addition, the current study extends previous segmentations by providing a detailed profile of the segments. In particular, this study shows that the views are differentially related to both individual difference variables and various aspects of individual well-being (i.e. self-esteem and negative affect).

Contributions of Individual Differences to Subjective Intoxication

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 863-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cannie Stark-Adamec ◽  
R. O. Pihl ◽  
Robert E. Adamec
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Individual Difference Variables ◽  
Male Volunteers ◽  
Drug History ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
Subjective Level

Our previous research has demonstrated that the statistical relationships between personality and drug history are not particularly impressive, but that background, drug history and expectancy are related to specific aspects of the marihuana intoxication experience. The present research explored the relationships between individual difference variables (personality, background, and drug history) and subjective level of intoxication on coltsfoot, placebo, and marihuana in 24 male volunteers. Pearson product-moment correlations were strongest on coltsfoot and placebo. Pro-social dimensions of personality and experience with LSD were most strongly related to subjective level of intoxication.

scholarly journals Large-scale analysis of test–retest reliabilities of self-regulation measures

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 5472-5477 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zeynep Enkavi ◽  
Ian W. Eisenberg ◽  
Patrick G. Bissett ◽  
Gina L. Mazza ◽  
David P. MacKinnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Large Scale Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Tasks ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

The ability to regulate behavior in service of long-term goals is a widely studied psychological construct known as self-regulation. This wide interest is in part due to the putative relations between self-regulation and a range of real-world behaviors. Self-regulation is generally viewed as a trait, and individual differences are quantified using a diverse set of measures, including self-report surveys and behavioral tasks. Accurate characterization of individual differences requires measurement reliability, a property frequently characterized in self-report surveys, but rarely assessed in behavioral tasks. We remedy this gap by (i) providing a comprehensive literature review on an extensive set of self-regulation measures and (ii) empirically evaluating test–retest reliability of this battery in a new sample. We find that dependent variables (DVs) from self-report surveys of self-regulation have high test–retest reliability, while DVs derived from behavioral tasks do not. This holds both in the literature and in our sample, although the test–retest reliability estimates in the literature are highly variable. We confirm that this is due to differences in between-subject variability. We also compare different types of task DVs (e.g., model parameters vs. raw response times) in their suitability as individual difference DVs, finding that certain model parameters are as stable as raw DVs. Our results provide greater psychometric footing for the study of self-regulation and provide guidance for future studies of individual differences in this domain.

How Sedentary Are Older People? A Systematic Review of the Amount of Sedentary Behavior

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet A. Harvey ◽  
Sebastien F.M. Chastin ◽  
Dawn A. Skelton
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Data Source

Background/objectives:Sedentary behavior (SB), defined as sitting (nonexercising), reclining, and lying down (posture), or by low energy expenditure, is a public health risk independent to physical activity. The objective of this systematic literature review was to synthesize the available evidence on amount of SB reported by and measured in older adults.Data source:Studies published between 1981 and 2014 were identified from electronic databases and manual searching. Large-scale population studies/surveys reporting the amount of SB (objective/subjective) in older adults aged ≥ 60 years of age were included. Appraisal and synthesis was completed using MOOSE guidelines.Results:349,698 adults aged ≥ 60 within 22 studies (10 countries and 1 EU-wide) were included. Objective measurement of SB shows that older adults spend an average of 9.4 hr a day sedentary, equating to 65–80% of their waking day. Self-report of SB is lower, with average weighted self-reports being 5.3 hr daily. Within specific domains of SB, older adults report 3.3 hr in leisure sitting time and 3.3 hr watching TV. There is an association with more time spent in SB as age advances and a trend for older men to spend more time in SB than women.Conclusion/implications:Time spent sedentary ranges from 5.3–9.4 hr per waking day in older adults. With recent studies suggesting a link between SB, health, and well-being, independent of physical activity, this is an area important for successful aging.Limitations:Different methodologies of measurement and different reporting methods of SB made synthesis difficult. Estimated SB time from self-report is half of that measured objectively; suggesting that most self-report surveys of SB will vastly underestimate the actual time spent in SB.

scholarly journals Association of attachment anxiety and satisfaction with nasal surgery

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
C. Saragusty ◽  
E. Berant ◽  
E. Yaniv
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personality Factor ◽  
Surgery Outcome ◽  
Before And After

AIM: To investigate the possible contribution of attachment anxiety (AA) to satisfaction with the outcome of surgery. METHODS: Sixty-three patients with chronic sinusitis who were scheduled for FESS with septoplasty were asked to complete a panel of self-report measures assessing attachment style, quality of life, mental health, and degree of facial pain and nasal obstruction. The questionnaires were filled out two weeks before surgery and one month after surgery. One surgeon performed all procedures. RESULTS: Participants were divided into two groups according to AA scores: high anxiety in attachment and low anxiety in attachment. Postoperatively, the group as a whole showed significant improvement in quality of life, positive thoughts and improvement in pain and sinus congestion. The high AA group reported a significantly lower quality of life than the low AA group. There was an inverse correlation between AA and well-being before and after surgery, and between AA and pain amelioration after surgery. A positive correlation was noted between AA and mental distress. CONCLUSIONS: Even a basic personality factor such as AA can significantly impact patient satisfaction with surgery outcome. Surgeons performing surgery should bear in mind that success is partly related to the patient`s mental state and personality.

Emotional intelligence and authentic leadership: a meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Miao ◽  
Ronald H. Humphrey ◽  
Shanshan Qian
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Authentic Leadership ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Difference Variables ◽  
Male Dominated

Purpose Authentic leadership is a popular leadership construct that stimulates considerable scholarly interest and has received substantial attention from practitioners. Among different individual difference variables, there has been a growing interest in studying the connection between emotional intelligence (EI) and authentic leadership; nevertheless, most of the existing literature on this relation was atheoretical and the results for this relation were mixed. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the relation between EI and authentic leadership. Design/methodology/approach A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relation between EI and authentic leadership and the moderators that affect this relation. Findings The results of the present study indicated that: EI is significantly and positively related to authentic leadership (overall EI: ρ ¯ ˆ = 0.49 ; ability EI: ρ ¯ ˆ = 0.08 ; self-report EI: ρ ¯ ˆ = 0.52 ; mixed EI: ρ ¯ ˆ = 0.49 ); self-report EI and mixed EI have larger associations with authentic leadership than ability EI has; and the relation between EI and authentic leadership does not differ between male-dominated and female-dominated studies. Originality/value The present study couches the relation between EI and authentic leadership in theories and identifies important moderators for this relation which explain the heterogeneity in effect sizes for this relation across studies.

Socioeconomic inequality undermines relationship quality in romantic relationships

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1722-1742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minha Cho ◽  
Emily A. Impett ◽  
Belinda Campos ◽  
Serena Chen ◽  
Dacher Keltner
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Romantic Couples ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Observer Ratings

The present research tests how socioeconomic inequality (within romantic relationships) predicts relationship quality and observable expressions of emotion—examining longitudinal self-report and behavioral data from both partners of romantic couples. In Part 1, we examined the romantic partners’ self-reports of relationship quality at baseline and after three and a half months. In keeping with prior research on how power inequality undermines relationship satisfaction, couples defined by greater socioeconomic inequality showed a decline in relationship quality over time. In Part 2, we examined observer ratings of emotional expressions in the romantic partners’ conversations in the laboratory. Here, we found greater expression of negative emotion in the conversations of couples defined by greater inequality. Importantly, it was inequality itself—rather than whether one has higher or lower socioeconomic status than the partner—that significantly predicted changes in relationship quality and observable expressions of negative emotion. These findings have implications for how deepening economic inequality may manifest in the weakening of intimate bonds—the quality of which is central to the well-being of individuals and broader society.

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