Attention and eye movement metrics in visual world eye tracking

2016 ◽  
pp. 67-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirita Pyykkönen-Klauck ◽  
Matthew W. Crocker
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual World

Activation and Persistence of Implicit Causality Information in Spoken Language Comprehension

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirita Pyykkönen ◽  
Juhani Järvikivi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Implicit Causality ◽  
Causality Information ◽  
Spoken Language Comprehension

A visual world eye-tracking study investigated the activation and persistence of implicit causality information in spoken language comprehension. We showed that people infer the implicit causality of verbs as soon as they encounter such verbs in discourse, as is predicted by proponents of the immediate focusing account ( Greene & McKoon, 1995 ; Koornneef & Van Berkum, 2006 ; Van Berkum, Koornneef, Otten, & Nieuwland, 2007 ). Interestingly, we observed activation of implicit causality information even before people encountered the causal conjunction. However, while implicit causality information was persistent as the discourse unfolded, it did not have a privileged role as a focusing cue immediately at the ambiguous pronoun when people were resolving its antecedent. Instead, our study indicated that implicit causality does not affect all referents to the same extent, rather it interacts with other cues in the discourse, especially when one of the referents is already prominently in focus.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

scholarly journals Gender-Based Eye Movement Differences in the Ilab-X Platform Using: An Eye-Tracking Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. S174
Author(s):  
Wuheng Zuo ◽  
Ziru Wu ◽  
Qing Liu ◽  
Huahe Jin ◽  
Dan Li
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Movement Differences

scholarly journals Children do not overcome lexical biases where adults do: the role of the referential scene in garden-path recovery

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
EVAN KIDD ◽  
ANDREW J. STEWART ◽  
LUDOVICA SERRATRICE
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Test Sentence ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Garden Path ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Scene Information ◽  
Lexical Cues

ABSTRACTIn this paper we report on a visual world eye-tracking experiment that investigated the differing abilities of adults and children to use referential scene information during reanalysis to overcome lexical biases during sentence processing. The results showed that adults incorporated aspects of the referential scene into their parse as soon as it became apparent that a test sentence was syntactically ambiguous, suggesting they considered the two alternative analyses in parallel. In contrast, the children appeared not to reanalyze their initial analysis, even over shorter distances than have been investigated in prior research. We argue that this reflects the children's over-reliance on bottom-up, lexical cues to interpretation. The implications for the development of parsing routines are discussed.

Why subtitle speed matters: Evidence from word skipping and rereading

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Jan-Louis Kruger ◽  
Natalia Wisniewska ◽  
Sixin Liao
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Reading Behavior ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Word Skipping

Abstract High subtitle speed undoubtedly impacts the viewer experience. However, little is known about how fast subtitles might impact the reading of individual words. This article presents new findings on the effect of subtitle speed on viewers’ reading behavior using word-based eye-tracking measures with specific attention to word skipping and rereading. In multimodal reading situations such as reading subtitles in video, rereading allows people to correct for oculomotor error or comprehension failure during linguistic processing or integrate words with elements of the image to build a situation model of the video. However, the opportunity to reread words, to read the majority of the words in the subtitle and to read subtitles to completion, is likely to be compromised when subtitles are too fast. Participants watched videos with subtitles at 12, 20, and 28 characters per second (cps) while their eye movements were recorded. It was found that comprehension declined as speed increased. Eye movement records also showed that faster subtitles resulted in more incomplete reading of subtitles. Furthermore, increased speed also caused fewer words to be reread following both horizontal eye movements (likely resulting in reduced lexical processing) and vertical eye movements (which would likely reduce higher-level comprehension and integration).

scholarly journals Numerical Analysis on Color Preference and Visual Comfort from Eye Tracking Technique

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ming-Chung Ho ◽  
Jhih-Ming Chen ◽  
Ray-Ying Huang ◽  
Ming-Hsun Shen ◽  
Ming-Chi Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Color Assignment

Color preferences in engineering are very important, and there exists relationship between color preference and visual comfort. In this study, there are thirty university students who participated in the experiment, supplemented by pre- and posttest questionnaires, which lasted about an hour. The main purpose of this study is to explore the visual effects of different color assignment with subjective color preferences via eye tracking technology. Eye-movement data through a nonlinear analysis detect slight differences in color preferences and visual comfort, suggesting effective physiological indicators as extensive future research discussed. Results found that the average pupil size of eye-movement indicators can effectively reflect the differences of color preferences and visual comfort. This study more confirmed that the subjective feeling will make people have misjudgment.

scholarly journals Automated Filtering of Eye Movements Using Dynamic AOI in Multiple Granularity Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Gavindya Jayawardena ◽  
Sampath Jayarathna
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Bounding Boxes ◽  
Multiple Granularity ◽  
Instance Segmentation ◽  
Segmentation Models

Eye-tracking experiments involve areas of interest (AOIs) for the analysis of eye gaze data. While there are tools to delineate AOIs to extract eye movement data, they may require users to manually draw boundaries of AOIs on eye tracking stimuli or use markers to define AOIs. This paper introduces two novel techniques to dynamically filter eye movement data from AOIs for the analysis of eye metrics from multiple levels of granularity. The authors incorporate pre-trained object detectors and object instance segmentation models for offline detection of dynamic AOIs in video streams. This research presents the implementation and evaluation of object detectors and object instance segmentation models to find the best model to be integrated in a real-time eye movement analysis pipeline. The authors filter gaze data that falls within the polygonal boundaries of detected dynamic AOIs and apply object detector to find bounding-boxes in a public dataset. The results indicate that the dynamic AOIs generated by object detectors capture 60% of eye movements & object instance segmentation models capture 30% of eye movements.

Eye-Tracking as a Research Methodology in Educational Context

2019 ◽  
pp. 269-294
Author(s):  
Pedro Rodrigues ◽  
Pedro J. Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Assessment Procedures

A large body of educational research has been keen to the processes and outcomes of learning. Usually, clinical interviews, self-report measures or behavioral assessment procedures have been the most frequently used techniques to assess cognitive activities during learning. Equally, such approaches often suffer from validity issues. The eye-tracking methodology can be used to overcome some limitations in the study of cognitive processes linked to learning and performance. Therefore, this chapter aims to show how eye movement studies can be used to link ocular metrics to learning processes (e.g. language acquisition, reading, memory). The authors cover a topic that ranges from the paradigm shift in the theories of learning, through eye movement applications and measures, to the contribution of eye tracking methodology to investigate learning processes in educational settings.

Using Eye Movements to Study Reading Processes

2017 ◽  
pp. 27-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Cook ◽  
Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reading Processes ◽  
Reading Measures ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

This chapter provides an overview of eye movement-based reading measures and the types of inferences that may be drawn from each. We provide logistical advice about how to set up stimuli for eye tracking experiments, with different level processes (word, sentence, and discourse) and commonly employed measures of eye movements during reading in mind. We conclude with examples from our own research of studies of eye movements during reading at the word, sentence, and discourse levels, as well as some considerations for future research.

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