Dealing with new multilingualism in Europe

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 18.1-18.38
Author(s):  
Guus Extra
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Major Subject ◽  
At Home ◽  
Language Transmission

The focus of this paper is on immigrant minority languages in urban Western Europe. Both multidisciplinary and cross-national perspectives will be offered on two major domains in which language transmission occurs, i.e., the domestic domain and the public domain. Prototypical of these two domains are the home and the school, respectively. At home, language transmission occurs between parents and children; at school this occurs between teachers and pupils. Viewed from the perspectives of majority language speakersversusminority language speakers, language transmission becomes a very different issue. In the case of majority language speakers, language transmission at home and at school is commonly taken for granted: at home, parents speak this language usually with their children; at school this language is usually the only or major subject and medium of instruction. In the case of minority language speakers, there is usually a mismatch between the language of the home and the language of the school. Whether parents in such a context continue to transmit their language to their children is strongly dependent on the degree to which these parents conceive of this language as a core value of cultural identity.After a short introduction, we offerphenomenologicalperspectives on the semantics of our field of study and some central European notions in this field. Next we discuss major agencies and documents onlanguage rightsat the global and European level. We also discuss the utilisation and effects of differentdemographiccriteria for the definition and identification of (school) population groups in a multicultural society. Next we offersociolinguisticperspectives on the distribution and vitality of immigrant minority languages across Europe. In this context the rationale and major outcomes of theMultilingual Cities Project, realised in six major multicultural cities in different European Union nation-states, are presented. Finally we offer comparative perspectives oneducationalpolicies and practices in the domain of immigrant minority languages in the six European Union countries under discussion. We conclude with an overview on how multilingualism can be promoted for all children in an increasingly multicultural Europe.Immigrants have made this country more American, not less American. (George W. Bush, presidential election campaign 2004)

Dealing with new multilingualism in Europe

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 18.1-18.38
Author(s):  
Guus Extra
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Major Subject ◽  
At Home ◽  
Language Transmission

The focus of this paper is on immigrant minority languages in urban Western Europe. Both multidisciplinary and cross-national perspectives will be offered on two major domains in which language transmission occurs, i.e., the domestic domain and the public domain. Prototypical of these two domains are the home and the school, respectively. At home, language transmission occurs between parents and children; at school this occurs between teachers and pupils. Viewed from the perspectives of majority language speakers versus minority language speakers, language transmission becomes a very different issue. In the case of majority language speakers, language transmission at home and at school is commonly taken for granted: at home, parents speak this language usually with their children; at school this language is usually the only or major subject and medium of instruction. In the case of minority language speakers, there is usually a mismatch between the language of the home and the language of the school. Whether parents in such a context continue to transmit their language to their children is strongly dependent on the degree to which these parents conceive of this language as a core value of cultural identity. After a short introduction, we offer phenomenological perspectives on the semantics of our field of study and some central European notions in this field. Next we discuss major agencies and documents on language rights at the global and European level. We also discuss the utilisation and effects of different demographic criteria for the definition and identification of (school) population groups in a multicultural society. Next we offer sociolinguistic perspectives on the distribution and vitality of immigrant minority languages across Europe. In this context the rationale and major outcomes of the Multilingual Cities Project, realised in six major multicultural cities in different European Union nation-states, are presented. Finally we offer comparative perspectives on educational policies and practices in the domain of immigrant minority languages in the six European Union countries under discussion. We conclude with an overview on how multilingualism can be promoted for all children in an increasingly multicultural Europe. Immigrants have made this country more American, not less American. (George W. Bush, presidential election campaign 2004)

PP106 Twenty Years Of Orphan Medicines Regulation: Have Treatments Reached Patients In Need Across Europe And Canada?

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (S1) ◽  
pp. 19-19
Author(s):  
Nadine Henderson ◽  
Phill O'Neill ◽  
Martina Garau
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Marketing Authorization ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Orphan Medicinal Products ◽  
Medicines Regulation ◽  
Canadian Provinces

IntroductionThe European Union regulation for orphan medicinal products (OMPs) was introduced to improve the quality of treatments for patients with rare conditions. To mark 20 years of European Union OMP regulation, this study compared access to OMPs and the length of their reimbursement process in a set of European countries and Canadian provinces. Access refers to their full or partial reimbursement by the public health service.MethodsData were collated on European Medicines Agency orphan designation and marketing authorizations, health technology assessment (HTA) decisions and reimbursement decisions, and the respective dates of these events for all the OMPs centrally authorized in 14 European countries (Belgium, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland) and four Canadian provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec).ResultsSince the implementation of the OMPs Regulation in 2000, 215 OMPs obtained marketing authorization. We found that Germany had the highest level of coverage, with 91 percent of OMPs being reimbursed. The three countries with the lowest reimbursement rates were Poland, Hungary, and Norway (below 30%). We observed that Germany had the quickest time to reimbursement following marketing authorization, followed by Switzerland and Scotland. We observed that Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia consistently had the longest time to reimbursement.ConclusionsWe observed substantial variation in the levels and speed of national reimbursement of OMPs, particularly when comparing countries in Eastern and Western Europe, which suggests that an equity gap between the regions may be present. The data also indicated a trend toward faster times to reimbursement over the past 10 years.

Economy and funding of European minority language media: Reality and impact of digitalization and economic crisis

Journalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146488492095403
Author(s):  
Iñaki Zabaleta ◽  
Nikolas Xamardo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Scottish Gaelic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Aid ◽  
Media Types ◽  
Media Systems

This article investigates the economy of monolingual media systems in nine European minority language communities during 2009–2015, a period of strong economic crisis and accelerated digitalization. The main areas of study are three: The economic volume or weight of those media systems and its variation between 2009 and 2015; the current funding structure of the four media types (press, radio, TV and cybermedia); and the qualitative evaluation of media editors and managers on the effect of those two crises as well as the significance of the public aid. The nine European minority languages are Basque, Welsh, Galician, Irish, Breton, Frisian, Sámi, Corsican and Scottish-Gaelic. As for the findings, it can be highlighted that the economic volume or revenue of European minority language media is close to five hundred million euros per year, of which over ninety per cent is public funding, mostly devoted to broadcasting media. The conclusion set forth is that public funding should not be framed as aid but as a social, cultural and economic investment.

Young People's Net Cultures

2011 ◽  
pp. 2067-2074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elza Dunkels
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
At Home

Sweden has a large number of Internet users, and on a global scale only Iceland had more Internet users in 2002 (ITU, 2003). The European Union-funded project SAFT (2003a) found that 87% of Swedish children have access to the Internet at home. Today Scandinavian media focus on alleged serious problems caused by children being online. Despite these media reports, however, it appears that Scandinavian parents and children talk little about the Internet and its effects on life (Bjørnstad, 2002; SAFT, 2003c).

Bilingualism in the Business World in West European Minority Language Regions: Profit or Loss?

1996 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-159
Author(s):  
Ab van Langevelde
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Business World ◽  
East Bloc ◽  
West European

Europe during the last decade has witnessed a growing interest in the position of minorities in general and of minority languages in particular. This interest undoubtedly bears some connection with the influx of aliens into western Europe, and with the at times exceptionally violent outbreak of ethnic conflicts in some former East Bloc countries. Language plays a vital role in matters of ethnicity and identity. The growing interest of which we speak has found expression in the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, which establishes a number of rights related to minority languages.

Economic Instruments for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Conservation & the EU State Aid Regulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Raitanen ◽  
Elina Raitanen ◽  
Jukka Similä ◽  
Elina Raitanen ◽  
Jukka Similä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
State Aid ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
The Public ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Competition Rules

Many environmental services are not traded in markets but are rather public goods and their supply cannot easily be motivated by the market forces. This leads to underinvestment in the public goods relative to what would be socially desirable. Financial instruments are designed to modify behaviour by encouraging private individuals, organisations and businesses to participate actively in conservation. Nation states are ultimately responsible for providing public goods but the competition rules of the European Union restrict the use of economic instruments that constitute ‘state aid’ as defined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This article will analyse the regulatory frames under which economic incentives may constitute state aid in the meaning of 107 TFEU and the terms and conditions on which these aids may still be granted for land-owners.

Camille C. O'Reilly (ed.), Language, ethnicity and the state. Vol. 1, Minority languages in the European Union. Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. v–x, 183; and Camille C. O'Reilly (ed.), Language, ethnicity and the state. Vol. 2, Minority languages in Eastern Europe post-1989. Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. v–xii, 228.

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Lukas D. Tsitsipis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Positive Element ◽  
The State ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Collective Work

This is an exceptionally interesting collective work put together by Camille C. O'Reilly in two volumes, the first focusing on minority languages and problems of nation and ethnicity in western Europe, and particularly in the European Union (EU), and the second taking as its main focus languages and nationalizing discourses in eastern Europe. A large part of the discussion in vol. 2 concentrates on issues related to the fate and ongoing processes of nation formation, citizenship, linguistic ideologies, and minority languages in the successor states of the former Soviet Union. In both volumes, some chapters focus more narrowly on language, whereas others give emphasis to macro processes of a political nature. And, of course, no article in the collection is indifferent to the politics of minoritization, ethnic-national boundaries, and the restructuring of the European national map as a whole. Thus, variation in theme and method of analysis should be considered as a positive element of this endeavor, even though the overall treatment is neither exhaustive nor radically critical, as I will argue below.

scholarly journals Main advantages of the cluster model of the tourist business organization in the region

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Oksana TABENSKA
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Nation States

Introduction. The article explores the role of the European Union in the unification of Eastern and Western Europe, in the development of a stable economic and social situation in Germany, the development of tourism in Brandenburg, namely in the city of Cottbus. The purpose of the paper is to explore to develop the tourism sector in Germany, to create a design model for the Cottbus tourist and recreational cluster. Results. Germany is a special country trying to overcome the negative consequences of the tragic past. The two world wars are reflected in the architecture, cultural and historical monuments. The European Union is a new political institution created by nation-states after World War II. The European Union is now achieving economic and political integration, and this process is one of its most ambitious projects. Using the author's own experience, we have analyzed the changes that took place in the German city of Cottbus over a rather long historical period, namely: in the German Democratic Republic and after the unification of Germany. Cottbus hotels and restaurants are being researched to help cater to such top tourist needs as accommodation and food. The Cottbus Tourism and Recreation Cluster will enhance the region's competitiveness and integrate the management, research, hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, museums, festivals, exhibitions, fairs, zoos, planetariums, castles and other structures. Conclusion. Therefore, it is precisely through the cooperation of public authorities, scientific, research institutions, tourist agencies, hotel and restaurant complexes, information-tourist centers, transport companies, banking institutions, insurance companies that the competitiveness of enterprises and organizations increases, a synergistic effect arises. Research on the problems and prospects of green tourism development in Germany needs to be continued.

Extending Ethnolinguistic Democracy in Europe: The Case of Wales

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 147-172
Author(s):  
Stephen May
Keyword(s):  
Minority Languages ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Welsh Language ◽  
Minority Language Rights ◽  
British State

The recent establishment of political devolution in Scotland and Wales would appear to herald far greater national, and eventually regional autonomy within a British state long dominated by England. However, support for devolution in Wales remains, at best, ambivalent; in contrast to Scotland where devolution is far more strongly supported. Much of this can be explained by the fact that Wales, unlike Scotland, is almost indistinguishable from England with respect to its institutional structure. As such, Wales has historically sought a distinctive identity from England principally through the promotion and retention of Welsh language and culture within rather than outside these shared institutional arrangements. This, in turn, has led in recent years to a significantly increased role for the Welsh language in the public domain in Wales, after centuries of proscription, and the emergence of a nascent Welsh bilingual state. The prospect of greater self-government is likely to solidify these developments. However, it can be argued that the contribution of Wales is most significant here not as an example of political devolution but as a model of ethnolinguistic democracy. In this latter respect, Wales provides us with a democratic model that specifically accommodates and promotes bilingualism and minority language rights while, in so doing, redefining the traditional role of language(s) in the nation-state. Both these aspects offer important lessons for the rest of Europe's nation-states which, despite moves to greater political devolution and regionalism, often remain reluctant to protect, let alone foster the minority languages still spoken within their borders.

Polen: Flüchtlingsnotstand – aber wo sind die Flüchtlinge?

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (140) ◽  
pp. 379-392
Author(s):  
Helmut Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Asylum Policy ◽  
The Face ◽  
Emergency Measures

Poland accepted the alien and asylum policy of the European Union. But what does it mean, in the face of the fact that most of the refugees don´t want to sojourn a lot of time in Poland, but want to join their families or friends in Western Europe? How the transfer of policies does work, if the local conditions are quite different than in Germany or France? The answer seems to be the dramatization of the refugee situation in Poland, especially the adoption of emergency measures towards refugees of Chechnya.

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