scholarly journals Main advantages of the cluster model of the tourist business organization in the region

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Oksana TABENSKA
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Nation States

Introduction. The article explores the role of the European Union in the unification of Eastern and Western Europe, in the development of a stable economic and social situation in Germany, the development of tourism in Brandenburg, namely in the city of Cottbus. The purpose of the paper is to explore to develop the tourism sector in Germany, to create a design model for the Cottbus tourist and recreational cluster. Results. Germany is a special country trying to overcome the negative consequences of the tragic past. The two world wars are reflected in the architecture, cultural and historical monuments. The European Union is a new political institution created by nation-states after World War II. The European Union is now achieving economic and political integration, and this process is one of its most ambitious projects. Using the author's own experience, we have analyzed the changes that took place in the German city of Cottbus over a rather long historical period, namely: in the German Democratic Republic and after the unification of Germany. Cottbus hotels and restaurants are being researched to help cater to such top tourist needs as accommodation and food. The Cottbus Tourism and Recreation Cluster will enhance the region's competitiveness and integrate the management, research, hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, museums, festivals, exhibitions, fairs, zoos, planetariums, castles and other structures. Conclusion. Therefore, it is precisely through the cooperation of public authorities, scientific, research institutions, tourist agencies, hotel and restaurant complexes, information-tourist centers, transport companies, banking institutions, insurance companies that the competitiveness of enterprises and organizations increases, a synergistic effect arises. Research on the problems and prospects of green tourism development in Germany needs to be continued.

scholarly journals Представата за Европа в модерна България – от Османската империя до Европейския съюз

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 171-185
Author(s):  
Искра [Iskra] Баева [Baeva]
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
The Cold War

Perceptions of Europe in modern Bulgaria – from the Ottoman Empire to the European Union The article demonstrates the construction of the notion of Europe during the modernization of Bulgarian society during the historical period from the Bulgarian Renaissance (1762) until the end of 20th century. The perception of Europe in Bulgaria depends mostly on the almost five‑century‑long Ottoman rule of Bulgarian lands which detached Bulgaria from the European civilization. Therefore, for the Bulgarians Europe represents the foreign, more developed part of the world, towards which they strive. Bulgaria only begins to rees­tablish its place in Europe with the restoration of the Bulgarian state following its Liberation (1878), achieved thanks to the Russian‑Turkish war of 1877–1878. The new Bulgarian state is based on a European template, but in the first decades following its independence, it faces European contradictions. The idea of Europe as a unitary whole is put in doubt as Bulgaria is the battleground where the interests of the Russian liberator and the Western European countries collide.The participation of Bulgaria in the two world wars on the side of the Central Powers and the Tripartite Pact leads to defeats and further detachment from Western Europe. Following World War II, Bulgaria falls into the Soviet sphere of influence, and Europe (understood as Western Europe) is associated with the image of the enemy for nearly half a century. This only changes with the end of the Cold War, when the conception of Europe is equated with the de­sired membership in the European Union, achieved on 1 January 2007. Bułgarskie wyobrażenia Europy w dobie nowożytnej – od Imperium Osmańskiego do Unii Europejskiej Artykuł ukazuje powstawanie obrazu Europy w społeczeństwie bułgarskim w okresie modernizacji trwającej od początku odrodzenia narodowego (1762) do końca XX wieku. Na jego kształcie wyraźne piętno odcisnęło trwające pięć wieków panowanie osmańskie, które oddzieliło Bułgarię od cywilizacji europejskiej; dlatego dla Bułgarów Europa stanowi ze­wnętrzną, bardziej rozwiniętą część świata, do której aspirują. O początkach europejskiej identyfikacji Bułgarów można więc mówić dopiero po utworzeniu państwa bułgarskiego, co nastąpiło po wyzwoleniu w 1878 roku, w wyniku wojny rosyjsko‑tureckiej 1877–1878. Nowe państwo bułgarskie powstawało zgodnie z wzorcami europejskimi, ale już w pierwszych de­kadach niezależności Bułgarzy doświadczyli Europy w kategoriach antynomii. Idea Europy jako całości została zakwestionowana, ponieważ w Bułgarii starły się z jednej strony interesy wyzwolicielskiej Rosji, a z drugiej państw zachodnioeuropejskich.Udział Bułgarii w wojnach światowych po stronie państw centralnych i państw Osi do­prowadził ją do upadku i ostatecznego odcięcia od Europy Zachodniej. Po II wojnie świato­wej Bułgaria znalazła się w sferze wpływów Związku Radzieckiego, przez niemal pół wieku Europa (rozumiana tu jako Europa Zachodnia) stanowiła synonim wroga. Ta sytuacja uległa zmianie dopiero po zakończeniu zimnej wojny, kiedy dla Bułgarii pojęcie „Europa” stało się tożsame z pożądanym członkostwem w Unii Europejskiej, co nastąpiło 1 stycznia 2007 roku.

DETERMINANTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC SERVICE CONCEPTS IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
R. Syvyi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Political Values ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of the article is to identify the concepts of the functioning of public service systems based on the generalization of the institutional environment for the transformation of the concepts of public service in the countries of the European Union. The institutional conditions for the transformation of the civil service in the EU countries are revealed. It is proved that under the new conditions there is an urgent need to identify the institutional prerequisites and factors of the transformation of the civil service in the context of European integration in order to understand the vector of movement of the civil service institute in Ukraine. On the basis of the study of the modernization experience, it has been determined that even minor changes in the structure of public authorities are accompanied by negative consequences, namely, the costs of conducting liquidation or reorganization measures. The main strategies of the modernization processes carried out are outlined. It was found that the institutional preconditions for the transformation of the civil service in the EU originate from constitutional mechanisms that are deeply rooted in the cultural, social and political values that are united around the basic provisions of democracy. It is shown that the prerogatives of functional measures emphasizing the powers of civil servants are an important institutional precondition for the transformation of the civil service. The generalization of the factors of transformation of the civil service in the context of European integration provides an understanding of the vector of the movement of the civil service in Ukraine through the creation of a common European administrative space.

scholarly journals The EU: Towards a United States of Europe

Federalism-E ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Eric Servais
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Structural Framework ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU), a contested “European” political construct, is contemporarily positioned at a critical juncture that presents three options that may determine its status as a supranational actor: stagnation, dissolution, or deeper and wider integration. The myriad pressures antagonizing the European Union and its structural foundations parallel those that the project sought to address following World War II. The unprecedented level of devastation caused by advanced military technologies and totalitarian ideologies in the war provided the impetus for increased cooperation amongst independent nation-states. Institutional cooperation encourages the deconstruction of destructive socio-political forces including racism, nationalism, and primordial cultural identities. These essentialist forces emerge in the absence of effective governance and encourage internal and external hostilities. The EU is intended to provide a structural framework for liberal-democratic countries to make collective decisions to increase economic prosperity, freedom, security, and justice [...]

Emerging from Washington's shadow: Japan's new relations with Europe

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-532
Author(s):  
Julie Gilson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Triangular Relationship ◽  
Over Time

On the rare occasions when Japan's relations with Europe are examined, they tend to be fixed within a trilateral structure at whose apex is the United States. This triangular framework was established in the aftermath of World War II, as a result of direct American involvement in the socio-economic reconstruction of Japan and the major countries of Western Europe. The current article examines how the very nature of the triangular relationship has changed over time, with the result that the trilateralism of the 1990s – in contrast to its earlier form – has served to facilitate the development of bilateral relations between Japan and the European Union and its member states.

Polen: Flüchtlingsnotstand – aber wo sind die Flüchtlinge?

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (140) ◽  
pp. 379-392
Author(s):  
Helmut Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Asylum Policy ◽  
The Face ◽  
Emergency Measures

Poland accepted the alien and asylum policy of the European Union. But what does it mean, in the face of the fact that most of the refugees don´t want to sojourn a lot of time in Poland, but want to join their families or friends in Western Europe? How the transfer of policies does work, if the local conditions are quite different than in Germany or France? The answer seems to be the dramatization of the refugee situation in Poland, especially the adoption of emergency measures towards refugees of Chechnya.

Russia in the XXI century: a request for a new economic policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Khasbulatov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Position

The author examines Russia’s economic position in the world in the XXI century, China’s economic and political infl uence on other countries, and analyzes the economy of the European Union, classifi es the experience of Western Europe as the most successful, while taking into account miscalculations and mistakes.

The European Union and Diplomatic Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Butler
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
External Action ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Supranational Institutions ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Eu

Not long after the establishment of supranational institutions in the aftermath of the Second World War, the early incarnations of the European Union (EU) began conducting diplomacy. Today, EU Delegations (EUDs) exist throughout the world, operating similar to full-scale diplomatic missions. The Treaty of Lisbon established the legal underpinnings for the European External Action Service (EEAS) as the diplomatic arm of the EU. Yet within the international legal framework, EUDs remain second-class to the missions of nation States. The EU thus has to use alternative legal means to form diplomatic missions. This chapter explores the legal framework of EU diplomatic relations, but also asks whether traditional missions to which the VCDR regime applies, can still be said to serve the needs of diplomacy in the twenty-first century, when States are no longer the ultimate holders of sovereignty, or the only actors in international relations.

scholarly journals States, firms, and security: How private actors implement sanctions, lessons learned from the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Francesco Giumelli ◽  
Michal Onderco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
For Profit ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Private Actors

Abstract While the current practice of the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, and the United States leans towards imposing only targeted sanctions in most of the cases, private actors often complain about inability to process financial transactions, ship goods, or deliver services in countries where sanctions targets are located. The impact of sanctions often ends up being widespread and indiscriminate because sanctions are implemented by for-profit actors. This article investigates how for-profit actors relate to the imposition of sanctions, how they reflect them in their decisions, and how they interact with the public authorities. The findings of our research show that for-profit actors, with the possible exception of the largest multinationals, do not engage with public authorities before the imposition of sanctions. The behaviour of for-profit actors in the implementation phase is in line with the assumption of firms and business as profit-maximisers. Weighting the profits from business against the costs of (non-)compliance and make the decisions that in their view maximise their profit. Indeed, de-risking seems to be the most common approach by the companies due to the uncertainties produced by the multiple and overlapping sanctions regimes imposed by the United Nations, the European Union, and the United States.

Remaking Education in Western Europe

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Jones
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Education Systems ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Post War ◽  
Important Objective

This article makes a contribution to discussion on the neo-liberal reshaping of education in Western Europe. It argues for a greater attentiveness on the part of education researchers to collective social actors such as trade unions and social movements. Making use of concepts from Gramsci and from Poulantzas, it suggests that such actors had a formative role in the making of post-war education systems, and that reducing their influence is now an important objective of governments across the European Union. Focusing on educational conflict in England, France and Italy, it explores the extent to which traditions associated with post-war reform continue to possess political vitality.

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