On Pre-Yiddish Standardization of Quantity

Diachronica ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil G. Jacobs

SUMMARY Yiddish possesses a sizable Tiberian Hebrew (TH) substrate component. The modern Yiddish reflexes of original TH words often show evidence of having undergone a number of diachronic phonological developments which seem to parallel similar processes in the German component found in Yiddish. Thus, the Yiddish reflexes cognate to Middle High German and to TH show lengthening of historically short vowels in stressed open syllable, and shortening of historically long vowels in stressed closed syllable. However, the processes of closed-syllable shortening (CSS) and open-syllable lengthening (OSL) which affected the TH component are chronologically distinct from the similar processes which affected the German component. It is argued in this paper that CSS and OSL occurred before the inception of Yiddish, in a pre-Yiddish Jewish vernacular. Specifically, the present paper links CSS and OSL as parts of a general process of standardization of stressed-syllable quantity in pre-Yiddish. More generally, the case is made that lexical items in the TH component in Yiddish are not to be derived directly from TH, but rather, from a diachronically and structurally autonomous intermediate — after spoken Hebrew times, but before Yiddish times — pre-Yiddish linguistic stage. RÉSUMÉ On retrouve dans le yiddish un important substrat hébreu-tibérien (HT). Dans le yiddish moderne, les réflexes de mots HT originaux font souvent preuve d'une série de développements phonologiques diachroniques qui semblent parallels à ceux qui ont marqué la composante allemande du yiddish. Or les réflexes du yiddish qui représentent des termes apparentés au haut moyen allemand et au HT démontrent un allongement des voyelles historiquement courtes dans les syllabes ouvertes accentuées et un raccourcissement des voyelles longues dans les syllabes fermées accentuées. Cependant, le processus de raccourcissement dans les syllabes fermées (RSF) et d'allongement dans les syllabes ouvertes (ASO) qui a affecté la composante HT se distingue de façon chronologique du processus semblable qui a affecté la composante allemande. Le présent article affirme que le RSF et l'ASO se sont produits avant l'avènement du yiddish, c'est-à-dire dans le contexte d'une langue verna-culaire juive prédatant le yiddish proprement dit. Pour être spécifique, cet article relie le RSF et l'ASO à un processus général de standardisation de quantité pour les syllabes accentués en pré-yiddish. Plus généralement, l'article prétend que les items lexicaux de la composante HT du yiddish ne peuvent être dérivés directement du HT, mais seraient plutôt issus d'une étape linguistique intermédiaire qui aurait existé après l'hébreu mais avant le yiddish et qui jouissait d'une autonomie aussi bien diachronique que structurelle. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das Jiddische weist einen beachtlichen Anteil eines tiberianischen-hebräi-schen (TH) Substrats auf. Die im modernen Jiddischen enthaltenen Reflexe in den aus dem TH stammenden Wörtern zeigen eine Anzahl diachronischer pho-nologischer Entwicklungen, die entsprechenden Prozessen der im Jiddischen vorhandenen deutschen Komponente ähnlich sind. So hat das Jiddische fol-gende dem Mittelhochdeutschen beziehungsweise dem TH verwandte Reflexe: eine Verlängerung von historisch kurzem Vokal in betonter offener Silbe und eine Verkürzung von historisch langem Vokal in betonter geschlossener Silbe. Jedoch die Entwicklungen von geschlossen-silbiger Verkürzung und offen-silbiger Verlängerung, die die TH Komponenten beeinflußten, unterscheiden sich chronologisch von den Vorgängen, denen die deutsche Komponente aus-gesetzt war. In diesem Aufsatz wird die Auffassung vertreten, da6 beide Pro-zesse vor der Entstehung des Jiddischen in einer Prä-Jiddischen jüdischen Sprache aufgetreten seien. Sie werden hier als Teilvorgänge der Standardi-sierung der Silbenquantität in betonten Silben im Prä-Jiddischen behandelt. Noch allgemeiner wird hier argumentiert, da8 lexikalische Elemente in der TH Komponente im Jiddischen nicht direkt vom TH abgeleitet werden können, sondern von einer diachronisch und strukturell autonomen Zwischenform — nach der Zeit des gesprochenen Hebraisch, aber vor der Zeit des Jiddischen — in der Phase des Prä-Jiddischen.

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.O. Klar

The thesis of a single pillar or axis around which the longer Medinan suras are structured has been highly influential in the field of sura unity, and scholarship on the structure and coherence of Sūrat al-Baqara has tended to work towards charting the progress of a dominant theme throughout the textual blocks that make up the sura. In order to achieve this, scholars have divided the sura into discrete blocks; many have posited a chain of lexical and thematic links from one block to the next; some have concentrated solely on the hinges and borders between these suggested textual blocks. The present article argues that such methods, while often in themselves illuminating, are by their very nature reductive. As such they can result in the oversight of important elements of the sura. From a starting point of the Adam pericope provided in Q. 2:30–9, this study will focus on the recurrence of a number of its lexical items throughout Sūrat al-Baqara. By methodically tracing the passage of repeated, loosely Fall-related, vocabulary, it will attempt to widen the contextual lens through which the sura's textual blocks are viewed, and establish a broader perspective on its coherence. Via a discussion of the themes of ‘gardens’, ‘parable’, ‘prostration’, ‘covenant’, ‘wrongdoing’ and finally ‘blindness’, this article will posit ‘garments’, not as a structural pillar, but as a pivot around which many of the repeated lexical items of the sura rotate.


2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
Xiu Gao

In the Western world, Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is controversial due to its stereotypical description of Jews as evil and greedy. In China, the work was not widely known until its translations came out. This article deals with two Chinese renderings of Shakespeare’s classic, by Laura White (1914–1915) and Shiqiu Liang (2001/1936) respectively, which reconstruct the image of Shylock and Jews on the basis of the translators’ perceptions of the original figure, combining their identities and social backgrounds. In imagology, based on the ideas of Pageaux (1989/1994), the image of the ‘other’ can be analysed on three levels: lexical items, larger textual units, and plot. On the face of it, the image of the ‘other’ in translation can originate in either the source or target culture. However, the present article, which focuses on the lexical level, shows that there is a third possibility – a lexicon that blends two or more cultures.


2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-94
Author(s):  
Radosław Dylewski

Abstract The onset of Professor Jacek Fisiak’s scholarly career is marked by his 1961 Ph.D. dissertation devoted to the lexical influence of English upon Polish. This study, conducted 55 years ago, offers a multilayered analysis and sets the standards of studies on lexical transfer from English to Polish for the years to come. The present article is a tribute to Fisiak’s first scholarly endeavor; it examines the fate of lexical items comprising Fisiak’s corpus in the second decade of the 21st century. More specifically, by conducting searches in the National Corpus of Polish as well as a Google search, the paper checks which borrowings to the Polish language listed and scrutinized by Fisiak gained popularity, which fell out of use, and which underwent semantic changes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241
Author(s):  
Gjert Kristoffersen

The topic of the paper is a small group of Norwegian dialects where lenition of p, t, k into b, d, g in intervocalic and word-final position is limited to words characterized by a monomoraic, stressed syllable in Old Norse. These dialects are spoken in the easternmost local communities in Agder county, at the eastern margin of the South-Norwegian lenition areas where lenition hit all short oral stops irrespective of preceding vowel length. After the quantity shift had made all stressed vowels bimoraic, with rimes being either VV or VC, the distribution of the lenited plosives are after both long and short vowels (the main area) or after short vowels only (the eastern marginal area). Haslum (2004) argues that the limited distribution in the east ist the result of a reversal after long vowels only. While this cannot be refuted as a possibility, I argue below that it may also be the result of a two-stage process, whereby lenition after a short vowel has spread further than the generalized process.


Literatūra ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-26
Author(s):  
Aleksej Burov ◽  
Ignė Vrubliauskaitė

The present article offers an overview of several poems written by Frau Ava (1060–1127), a German poetess whose literary works are virtually unknown in Lithuania. Ava, an anchoress in Melk Abbey, is the first named German female writer, who broke ‘the deep silence of German literature’ lasting over a century (Stein 1976, 5). All poems attributed to Frau Ava are of religious character: Johannes ‘John the Baptist’ (446 lines), Leben Jesu ‘Life of Jesus’ (2418 lines), Antichrist (118 lines) and Jüngstes Gericht ‘The Last Judgement’ (406 lines), which make up an impressive biblical epic of 3388 lines. Leben Jesu, Antichrist and Jüngstes Gericht are found in the Vorau Manuscript dating the first half of the 12th century (Codex 276, 115va-125ra), whereas the Görlitz Manuscript (Codex A III. 1. 10), compiled in the 14th century but lost during World War II, contains the poem Johannes as well as the other poems mentioned above, excluding the epilogue of Jüngstes Gericht (lines 393-406).The article presents an overview of Frau Ava’s life and works as well as a Lithuanian translation of her poem Jüngstes Gericht, written in Early Middle High German (Ger. Frümittelhochdeutsch). The translation is based on Maike Glaußnitzer and Kassnadra Sperl’s text, published in 2014.


2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Teslya

The history of intellectual/ideological directions presents sufficient interest for comprehension and interpretation on the part of other, competing and synchronous tendencies. The goal of the present article is to analyze Slavophilism interpretations and its place in the general process of Russian ideological and political directions development, proposed by the leading publicist of Russian populist camp in the years of 1870 – 1900. The intensity of Slavophil problems for the Populism (“Narodnichestvo”) was related to the evident and even stressed by some of the outside observers, connections of the key topics of populists and Slavophils, as well as obvious unpleasant by-products of accepting such intellectual continuity. The article shows how Mikhailovsky tried to minimize historiographically the connections and influence of Slavophils on the Populists, emphasizing at the same time the radical contradiction in understanding the notion of “people”, that was the key issue for both Slavophils and Populists. The interpretation of Slavophilism suggested by Mikhailovsky, especially its political and class significance, directly and indirectly influenced the subsequent historiography of Slavophilism. This aspect should be further studied, first of all in relation to the early Soviet historiography of Russian public thought.


2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
Xiu Gao

Abstract In the Western world, Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is controversial due to its stereotypical description of Jews as evil and greedy. In China, the work was not widely known until its translations came out. This article deals with two Chinese renderings of Shakespeare’s classic, by Laura White (1914–1915) and Shiqiu Liang (2001/1936) respectively, which reconstruct the image of Shylock and Jews on the basis of the translators’ perceptions of the original figure, combining their identities and social backgrounds. In imagology, based on the ideas of Pageaux (1989/1994), the image of the ‘other’ can be analysed on three levels: lexical items, larger textual units, and plot. On the face of it, the image of the ‘other’ in translation can originate in either the source or target culture. However, the present article, which focuses on the lexical level, shows that there is a third possibility – a lexicon that blends two or more cultures.


Diachronica ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Murray

SUMMARY This paper discusses four approaches to the reconstruction of the early Germanic syllabication of VCRV and VCRV sequences; A) Murray & Vennemann (1983) and Murray (1988), B) Barrack (1989), C) Dresher & Lahiri (1991), and D) Liberman (1990). Approach A develops a two-stage analysis involving Proto-Germanic VC$RV and V$CR$(R)V in accordance with Sievers' Law and subsequent reduction of V$CR$(R)V to VC$RV in the early dialects (with some dialect-specific variation). These syllabications provide the basis for a treatment of important phonological changes in early Germanic on the basis of a preference theory for syllable structure. Although VC$RV and VC$RV represent marked syllable structure in that poor syllable contacts result, motivation for this syllabication can be found in the Stressed Syllable Law and Streitberg's law of mora conservation. By contrast, the approaches outlined in B, C, and D run into major problems. It is shown in each of these cases that the problems can be directly traced to the alternative syllabications assumed and concluded that only approach A has succeeded in providing a comprehensive and coherent treatment of relevant aspects of early Germanic phonology. RÉSUMÉ Le présent article discute quatre façons de reconstruire la syllabation des séquences VCRV et VCRV en ancien germanique, à savoir A) Murray et Vennemann (1983) and Murray (1988), B) Barrack (1989), C) Dresher & Lahiri (1991), ainsi que D) Liberman (1990). L'approche A développe une analyse à deux étapes qui implique les structures proto-germaniques VC$RV et V$CR$(R)V selon la loi de Sievers, suivi de la réduction de V$CR$(R)V à VC$RV dans les anciens dialectes (avec quelques variations spécifiques à certains dialectes). Ces syllabations nous fournissent une base pour le traitement de changements phonologiques importants en ancien germanique, en termes d'une théorie de préférence pour les structures syllabiques. Bien que VC$RV soit une structure syllabique marquée (puisqu'elle produit des contacts syllabiques médiocres), la motivation de cette syllabation se retrouve dans la 'loi des syllabes accentuées' et dans la concept de la loi de conservation des 'moras' de Streitberg. Par contraste, les approches B, C, et D rencontrent de sérieux problèmes. L'article démontre que dans chaque de ces cas, les problèmes peuvent être retracés directement au type de syllabation utilisé, ce qui amène à conclure que seulement l'approche A réussit à fournir un traitement compréhensif et cohérent des aspects pertinents de la phonologie de l'ancien germanique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Aufsatz werden vier verschiedene Auffasungen zur möglichen Rekonstruktion der frühgermanischen Silbenstruktur in den VCRV- und VCRV-Abfolgen vorgestellt und miteinander verglichen: A) Murray & Vennemann (1983) und Murray (1988); B) Barrack (1989); C) Dresher & Lahiri (1991) und D) Liberman (1990). In A werden zwei Stufen angenom-men: Stufe 1 mit urgermanischen VC$RV und V$CR$(R)V nach dem Siever-schen Gesetz und Stufe 2 mit VC$RV nach Reduktion der dreisilbischen Struktur in den Dialekten. Dièse Syllabierungen liefern die Grundlage fur eine Analyse wichtiger phonologischer Veränderungen im Frühgermanischen im Lichte einer Präferenztheorie fur Silbenstruktur. Obwohl VC$RV und VC$RV markierte Silbenstrukturen darstellen (da sie ungünstige Silbenkontakte ent-halten), finden sie ihre Motivation in dem Silbenbetonungsgesetz und im Streit-bergschen Mora-Gesetz. Im Gegensatz hierzu weisen B, C und D groBe Erklä-rungsschwierigkeiten auf. In jedem einzelnen Fall wird der Nachweis erbracht, daB diEse Schwierigkeiten auf die alternative Rekonstruktion der urgermanischen Silbenstruktur (z.B. V$CRV) zunickzufuhren sind. Es wird gefolgert, daB nur die in A vorgeschlagene Analyse eine angemessene Grundlage für die Untersuchung der frühgermanischen Phonologie liefert.


2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-324
Author(s):  
Hezy Mutzafi

Abstract The present article refers to several selected lexical oddities which appear in Yona Sabar's A Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dictionary. The article seeks to clarify the etymologies of these lexical items, to refine their definitions whenever necessary, and to offer extensive comparative data related to cognates and missing links in various other Neo-Aramaic varieties, in particular North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects. All lexical items in question are proven to be inherited from pre-modern Aramaic, and five of them appear to be part of the inventory of Akkadian loanwords in NENA and other Aramaic languages. Mere recourse to Classical Aramaic is inadequate for uncovering the origins of most of these lexical items due to far-reaching semantic, phonological and morphological changes that have distanced them from their precursors. In most cases, therefore, a comparative inter-dialectal study is crucial for securing well-founded etyma for these puzzling words. Each etymological discussion specifies the diachronic processes involved in the development of the lexical item under consideration.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Rosemeyer ◽  
Eitan Grossman

Abstract Many grammaticalization pathways recur across languages. A prominent explanation for this is that the properties of lexical items determine their developmental pathways. However, it is unclear why these pathways do not always occur. In this article, we ask why English did not undergo a cross-linguistically common grammaticalization pathway, finish > anterior. We operationalize this question by testing a theory proposed on results regarding a language that did undergo this change, Spanish, on corpus and experimental data. While English finish constructions are associated with some of the distributional properties of Early Spanish finish, speakers do not show evidence of conventionally associating finish constructions with a particular type of inference crucial for the grammaticalization of the Spanish anterior. We propose that the non-conventionality of this inference blocks the grammaticalization of finish constructions in English, demonstrating that some of the black box of language change currently attributed to chance can be explored empirically.


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