Translating punctuation between English and Persian and issues for the replacement of non-lexical items

FORUM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Hossein Heydarian ◽  
Hasan Hashemi-Minabad
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Items ◽  
Persian Translation

Abstract The consideration of the importance of punctuation marks has widely been ignored in studies of translation. Here we report on a case study of English-Persian translation, in which we found that the attitude towards punctuation has not only been due to the different patterns used by different languages but also to the fact that some languages like Persian have never assimilated punctuation marks into the writing styles. Therefore, the meanings and functions of punctuation marks are worth investigating to enhance our understanding of what are termed non-lexical items in this paper. We show how unawareness of such differences could cause problems and complications in conveying the message. The main focus of this study is the survey of translation of punctuation into lexical items as a new tendency. This strategy will be considered as an intersemiotic approach illustrated through a comprehensive series of literary and non-literary examples.

ESP corpus design: compilation of the Veterinary Nursing Medical Chart Corpus and the Veterinary Nursing Wordlist

Corpora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Yukiko Ohashi ◽  
Noriaki Katagiri ◽  
Katsutoshi Oka ◽  
Michiko Hanada
Keyword(s):  
Word List ◽  
English For Specific Purposes ◽  
Regular Expressions ◽  
Annotation Scheme ◽  
Corpus Design ◽  
As Species ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
General Service

This paper reports on two research results: ( 1) designing an English for Specific Purposes (esp) corpus architecture complete with annotations structured by regular expressions; and ( 2) a case study to test the design to cater for creating a specific vocabulary list using the compiled corpus. The first half of this study involved designing a precisely structured esp corpus from 190 veterinary medical charts with a hierarchy of the data. The data hierarchy in the corpus consists of document types, outline elements and inline elements, such as species and breed. Perl scripts extracted the data attached to veterinary-specific categories, and the extraction led to creating wordlists. The second part of the research tested the corpus mode, creating a list of commonly observed lexical items in veterinary medicine. The coverage rate of the wordlists by General Service List (gsl) and Academic Word List (awl) was tested, with the result that 66.4 percent of all lexical items appeared in gsl and awl, whereas 33.7 percent appeared in none of those lists. The corpus compilation procedures as well as the annotation scheme introduced in this study enable the compilation of specific corpora with explicit annotations, allowing teachers to have access to data required for creating esp classroom materials.

Reduplication Revisited

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet B. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Case Study Data

This case study considers the phonological forms of early lexical items produced by 1 normally developing boy, from 19 to 22 months of age, who began to produce all monosyllabic words as bisyllabic. In order to link this empirical data (the apparent creation of increased complexity) with universal tendencies (motivated by the reduction of complexity), the functions of reduplication were revisited. Phonological processes (i.e., reduplication and final consonant deletion) are viewed as repairs motivated by 2 interacting constraints (i.e., constraints on monosyllabic words and on word-final consonants). These longitudinal case study data provide further evidence for a relationship between final consonant deletion and reduplication. A possible treatment approach for similar patterns demonstrated clinically is recommended.

On the idiomatic nature of unproductive morphology

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Karen De Clercq ◽  
Guido Vanden Wyngaerd
Keyword(s):  
Classical Case ◽  
Gradable Adjectives ◽  
Formal Relationship ◽  
Lexical Items

Abstract We present a case study in the marking of the negative prefix in French gradable adjectives, where the productive marker iN- alternates with a number of unproductive prefixes, like dé(s)-, dis-, mal-, mé(s)-. We treat this as a classical case of allomorphy, and present an account of the distribution of these allomorphs in terms of the nanosyntactic mechanism of pointers, by which lexical items may point to other, existing, lexical items in the postsyntactic lexicon. We claim that unproductive lexical items are not directly accessible for the spellout mechanism, but only indirectly, via pointers. We show how the analysis accounts for lexicalised semantics in derivations, as well as cases where the formal relationship between derivational pairs is not concatenative, but substitutive.

Translation of Persian Mystic Terms into English: A Case Study of Conference of the Birds by Attar

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 552
Author(s):  
Sadaf Khosroshahi ◽  
Ahmad Sedighi
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Strategy ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Translation Strategy ◽  
English Translations ◽  
The One ◽  
Persian Translation

Translation of mystic terms or metaphors is a very important portion of rendering a text from a source language to a target language, because some of mystic terms do not exist in the target language and this point makes the translation harder. This paper aimed at identifying the translation strategies and procedures used by Darbandi and Davis (1984) in The Conference of the Birds of Attar Neishabouri. To achieve the objectives, Attar’s Persian original work (Shafiei Kadkani, 2010) was read carefully to extract mystical terms.  Then, the translated text by Darbandi, and Davis (1984) was carefully read and the corresponding English translations of Persian mystical term were found.  The original mystical terms and their Persian translation were analyzed based on Van Doorslaer’s (2007) map to find out translation strategies and procedures used by the translators on the one hand and indicate the dominant strategy and procedure in the whole work of translation on the other. The result showed that literal translation strategy (72.41%) was the most frequently used strategy and direct transfer procedure (68.96%) was the most frequently used procedure.  This paper may have some implications in literary translation and help translation instructors and translation trainees as well in translation classes.

scholarly journals Domestication and foreignisation of allusions in Persian translations of Waiting for Godot: A case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Vasheghani Farahani ◽  
Nima Mahmoudi Kaleybar
Keyword(s):  
Literary Translation ◽  
Waiting For Godot ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Persian Translation ◽  
Religious Differences

In this thesis, Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot along with its Persian translation was analysed in terms of Venuti’s dichotomy of domestication and foreignisation. The allusion samples were selected through the whole book. Then, the translations of the allusions were analysed according to Venuti’s framework. It was found that foreignisation happened mainly when there was a proper name (PN) in the item which was translated. Items without PN were almost domesticated. Even if they had been foreignised, the referents for the TT reader would have been ungraspable mainly due to the cultural and religious differences. These findings will help literary translators to have a better understanding of such plays. Taken that the translators would stick to the findings of this research, the readers would be able to have an expressive translation of the play rather than an informative piece of translation. Keywords: Domestication, foreignisation, allusion, style, literary translation.

scholarly journals Domestication and foreignisation of allusions in Persian translations of Waiting for Godot: A case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Vasheghani Farahani ◽  
Nima Mahmoudi Kaleybar
Keyword(s):  
Literary Translation ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Waiting For Godot ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Persian Translation ◽  
Religious Differences

In this thesis, Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot along with its Persian translation was analysed in terms of Venuti’s dichotomy of domestication and foreignisation. The allusion samples were selected through the whole book. Then, the translations of the allusions were analysed. It was found that foreignisation happened mainly when there was a proper name (PN) in the item which was translated. Items without PN were almost domesticated. Even if they had been foreignised, the referents for the TT reader would have been ungraspable, mainly due to the cultural and religious differences. These findings will help literary translators to have a better understanding of such plays. Having taken that the translators would stick to the findings of this research, the readers will be able to have an expressive translation of the play rather than an informative piece of translation. Also, the findings can be an aid in both empirical and theoretical studies.   Keywords:Domestication, foreignisation, allusion, style, literary translation

scholarly journals The Reception of Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Philosophies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Sina Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Doctoral Dissertation ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Novel Material ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Persian Translation

In the form of a case study and based upon novel material about the reception of Spinoza’s Theological–Political Treatise (TTP) in Iran, this paper studies issues with the interactions among political, theological and philosophical ideas in the reception of Spinoza’s TTP. The paper starts with the first Iranian encounters with Spinoza’s philosophy in the Qajar era in the nineteenth century and then focuses on the reception of the TTP in the period after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. The first translation of the TTP was prepared in the 1990s by Muḥsin Jahāngīrī, but he withheld the manuscript from being published. I discuss the arguments that led him to withhold the publication of his translation; in this context, it will be important to consider the tumultuous religious and political debates, and broader questions as to the legitimacy of political power will also prove relevant. The first doctoral dissertation in Persian about the TTP will be described, followed by a description of a digital translation of the twentieth chapter of the TTP, which was published after the 2009 election protests. The article ends with discussing translator Ali Ferdowsi’s motivation to produce the first complete Persian translation of the TTP, published in Tehran in 2017. In conclusion, it will be discussed to which extent the theocratic political context in the country caused interest in the TTP.

scholarly journals Mythological Names and dróttkvætt Formulae II: Base-Word-Determinant Indexing

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-70
Author(s):  
Frog
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Structural Type ◽  
Old Norse ◽  
Base Word ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
The One ◽  
Illustrative Case Study

This article explores patterns of language use in oral poetry within a variety of semantic formula. Such a formula may vary its surface texture in relation to phonic demands of the metrical environment in which it is realised. This is the second part of a four-part series based on metrically entangled kennings in Old Norse dróttkvætt poetry as primary material. Old Norse kennings present a semantic formula of a particular type which is valuable as an example owing to the extremes of textural variation that it enables. The first part in this series introduced the approach to kennings as semantic formulae and included an illustrative case study on kennings meaning ‘battle’ realising the last three metrical positions of a dróttkvætt line. This demonstrated that lexical variation in realising these formulae varied according to functional equivalence across semantic categories. The present case study advances this discussion through the examination of the metrical entanglement of the lexicon in realising the semantic formula. On the one hand, it presents evidence of the associative indexing of lexical items realising a battle-kenning of this particular metric-structural type: certain kenning base-words exhibit a preferred semantic category of determinant. On the other hand, it also presents evidence of the associative indexing of lexical items that are used for realising the metrically required rhyme in a position in the line that is outside of the semantic formula: certain kenning base-words exhibit co-occurrence with a particular rhyme-word.

scholarly journals Register Variation in Chinese English and Language Variation between Chinese English and American English: A Case Study of Perhaps and Maybe

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. p118
Author(s):  
Yun Xia ◽  
Qian Li
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
English Text ◽  
Standard Frequency ◽  
Register Variation ◽  
Comparative Methodology ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Formal Style

The study aims to explore the register variation in Chinese English and language variation between Chinese English and American English. A corpus-based and comparative methodology was used to analyse the discourse features of Chinese English in the use of the lexical items perhaps and maybe. The major findings of the study can be stated as follows: 1) the more formal word perhaps is used more frequently than the informal word maybe in all the four genres in Chinese English. This shows that the text of Chinese English is generally in a more formal style. 2) In the Chinese English text, the ratios of the standard frequency of perhaps to maybe are greater than those in American English in the all the four genres. This indicates that the text in Chinese English is generally in a more formal style than that in American English. 3) In the Chinese English text, the informal word maybe is used less frequently than in the American English text. This is a sign that Chinese English is more formal than American English.

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