NAPOLEON, THE MAIN CHARACTER IN GEORGE ORWELL’S ANIMAL FARM, AS THE SYMBOL OF STALIN (A STUDY IN SEMIOTIC APPROACH)

Literary work, such as a novel, is an imitation of the facts that it can be analyzedin symbol that can show how the facts enter in it. Semiotic is one approach thatcan be used to analyze how the symbol works in a literary work. This study is toexplain on how Orwell portrays Napoleon in his Animal farm, to explain on howStalin is, and to explain the aspects that Napoleon symbolizes Stalin in Orwell’sAnimal Farm. The data, which is analyzed in terms of semiotic analysis, isselected into the symbol of Napoleon because this central character has a bigpart of the story. The researcher thinks that Orwell reflects this character toanimal which has a hidden purpose and considers that animal relates to personswhich the story is made. There are three problems to discuss, namely (1) whatare Napoleon’s traits? (2) What are Stalin’s traits? (3) What aspects doesNapoleon symbolize Stalin? The results show that the symbol of pig (Napoleon)has many special traits such as leaderships, intelligence, and unique characterand so Joseph Stalin (the actor of Russian revolution), which people describedhim having his own traits. Both of them have correlation in political, economic, and social and cultural aspect

Animal Imagery in George Orwell's novel “Animal Farm”

The present paper is a literary stylistic study that illustrates in George Orwell's novel Animal Farm the imagery, the allegorical meaning, linguistic exploitation or manipulation of words. One of the most traditional features of the Animal Farm and an integral part of its imagery is Orwell 's sophisticated sensitivity to political abuse of language Inwardly, this novel is an allegory that relates to power struggle, usurpation, coercion, manipulation, hypocrisy, oppression, political racket and fear of the ruling classes in any shape they may exist (human or animal). It seems to be a simple tale of animals. However severe the subject is, through his vivid imagery and artful use of literary instruments, Orwell has made it imaginative and humorous. With its clear, deceptively simple, but creatively honed prose style and expressive language, the novel is a source of great aesthetic and intellectual pleasure and political insight.

Totalitarianism in George Orwell's Animal Farm

The Animal Farm attempts at representing a realistic analysis of the revolution and changing of systems and regimes. However, change may not be necessarily a positive one as long as there is not a just and fair system upon which the sons of the revolutions depend. As history has proved, the majority of revolutions fail to achieve the utopian goals they had been seeking. Then, it fails to achieve the goals that are sought from it. Eventually, the reality becomes worse than that which it aimed to change. Since the theme of this novel is applicable for all people in any place at any time, and the big role that political discourse played in its event, we have chosen it to be our subject to analyze and discuss in our graduation project. After this short abstract, we will present an introduction in which we show the author’s contribution in the world of literature, his famous works and their significance. After that, we move on to deal with the language and discourse, rhetoric speech and discourse of Orwel and his ideology. The we tend to cover the author’s life, political discourse, and finally the political discourse of the author in The Animal Farm. We end our paper with a conclusion which includes our points of view to the importance of the political discourse in the novel and the moral lessons the mankind can draw out from such great piece of literature.

Characterization of a Novel Chromosome-Encoded AmpC β-Lactamase Gene, blaPRC–1, in an Isolate of a Newly Classified Pseudomonas Species, Pseudomonas wenzhouensis A20, From Animal Farm Sewage

In this work, we characterized a novel chromosome-encoded AmpC β-lactamase gene, blaPRC–1, in an isolate of a newly classified Pseudomonas species designated Pseudomonas wenzhouensis A20, which was isolated from sewage discharged from an animal farm in Wenzhou, China. Susceptibility testing, molecular cloning, and enzyme kinetic parameter analysis were performed to determine the function and enzymatic properties of the β-lactamase. Sequencing and comparative genomic analysis were conducted to clarify the phylogenetic relationship and genetic context of the blaPRC–1 gene. PRC-1 is a 379-amino acid AmpC β-lactamase with a molecular weight of 41.48 kDa and a predicted pI of 6.44, sharing the highest amino acid identity (57.7%) with the functionally characterized AmpC β-lactamase PDC-211 (ARX71249). blaPRC–1 confers resistance to many β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins (penicillin G, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) and cephalosporins (cefazolin, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime). The kinetic properties of PRC-1 were compatible with those of a typical class C β-lactamase showing hydrolytic activities against β-lactam antibiotics, and the hydrolytic activity was strongly inhibited by avibactam. The genetic context of blaPRC–1 was relatively conserved, and no mobile genetic element was predicted in its surrounding region. Identification of a novel β-lactamase gene in an unusual environmental bacterium reveals that there might be numerous unknown resistance mechanisms in bacterial populations, which may pose potential risks to human health due to universal horizontal gene transfer between microorganisms. It is therefore of great value to carry out extensive research on the mechanism of antibiotic resistance.

ORWELLIAN IDENTITY IN STYLE

The article focuses on transformations which occur in Russian and Armenian translations of G. Orwell’s allegorical novella Animal Farm with special reference to pragma-stylistic analysis of both the source and the target texts. The aim of the analysis is to reveal the so-called Orwellian identity in style and to determine the means of its manifestation in both translations. Viewed from the perspective of pragmatic analysis of the original and the target texts, the Russian translation can be characterized by unnecessary additions to the plain text and tends to be pompous in some cases while the Armenian translation is closer to the style of the source text and tends to remain faithful to its intent. At large, both the Armenian and Russian versions of the fable have retained the chief pragmatic orientation and have almost the same impact on the target reader as the original one: persuasive message, rhetorical narration, manipulative nature.

Interconnection of Orwell's Novel Animal Farm as a Micro-Universe and Our Macro-Universe

George Orwell is best known for his allegorical political novel, Animal Farm (1945), written in the period of Modernism in English literature. This novel is read as an offensive on totalitarianism in general, and a political satire against Stalinism Communist totalitarianism in particular. The current paper is conducted to investigate the relationship between the micro-universe which is represented by the narrative text of Orwell's novel Animal Farm, and macro-universe which represents the reality or the real world. The main aim of this study is to determine the interconnection of the micro-universe (the narrative text), and the macro-universe (the reality) through finding a convergence between the topics and events of the narrative text and our real world. Marxist Criticism and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) are used together as analytical approaches to investigate the selected narrative text and the historical, political, and social context in which the narrative text was written. The findings of this study points out that the narrative text of Animal Farm represents reality. This confirms the social and moral function of the committed literature which expresses human sufferings and aspirations for better conditions. The significance of the current study lies in provides better comprehension of the interconnection of the narrative text and reality as a missing feature in literature on this novel. This study contributes to literature on Orwell's novel Animal Farm particularly, and the field of the political English novels in general. Thus, this study extends the base of the researchers' knowledge in this literary area. Keywords: Micro-universe and Macro-universe, Modernism, Totalitarianism, Animal Farm.

Animal Farm as a Heuristic Tool for Classroom Teaching of Social Movements

Social movements are a part of the curriculum of Anthropology and Sociology in higher education institutions in India. Traditionally, these courses are taught via snippets of social movements accompanied by theoretical texts and there is little scope for individual teachers to change course content. While these texts are valuable, I found students struggled to make initial engagement with many of the prescribed texts and often became tense or anxious about the material. Students viewed social movements with antipathy and as a hindrance to stability, influenced by the political narratives and media representation of social movements as a disruption to solidarity. They often struggled to connect to the themes and issues of the Social Movement course, positioned within their own prisms of religion, caste, class, gender, and political sympathies. In this article, I vindicate the use of Animal Farm by George Orwell as a heuristic tool, taught alongside standard texts, to help students grasp the nature of social movements in theory and praxis. Teaching and learning social movements require a certain amount of empathy and openness to untangle students from their own biases. Turning to fiction can help because students can connect and become invested in the story, after which point parallels to the academic texts or real-life social movements can be drawn. Set in the animal world, Animal Farm is a parable that is equidistant to human orientations and consequently makes an excellent starting point to distance students from their preconceived ideas. This in turn helps students develop a reflexive understanding from which to engage with the core texts.