scholarly journals An automatic part-of-speech tagger for Middle Low German

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya Koleva ◽  
Melissa Farasyn ◽  
Bart Desmet ◽  
Anne Breitbarth ◽  
Véronique Hoste
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Diachronic Syntax ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
Low German ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Middle Low German ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Annotated Corpora

Abstract Syntactically annotated corpora are highly important for enabling large-scale diachronic and diatopic language research. Such corpora have recently been developed for a variety of historical languages, or are still under development. One of those under development is the fully tagged and parsed Corpus of Historical Low German (CHLG), which is aimed at facilitating research into the highly under-researched diachronic syntax of Low German. The present paper reports on a crucial step in creating the corpus, viz. the creation of a part-of-speech tagger for Middle Low German (MLG). Having been transmitted in several non-standardised written varieties, MLG poses a challenge to standard POS taggers, which usually rely on normalized spelling. We outline the major issues faced in the creation of the tagger and present our solutions to them.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Jóhannes Gísli Jónsson ◽  
Thórhallur Eythórsson
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Diachronic Syntax ◽  
Low German ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Fourth Type ◽  
Syntactic Change ◽  
Middle Low German ◽  
Scientific Tool

The chapters in this volume are concerned with syntactic features and their role in restricting syntactic change. Most of the contributions propose analyses in accordance with the Borer-Chomsky Conjecture, stating that all parameters of variation are attributable to differences in the features of particular items in the lexicon. The syntactic topics are of four types: the first three reflect different domains of the clause, while the fourth type is concerned with methodology. A great number of languages and dialects figure in the discussion, including languages that have not previously received a thorough treatment in terms of diachronic syntax such as Romeyka and Middle Low German. Other languages also discussed from a fresh theoretical perspective, e.g. Hungarian, Icelandic, Polish, English, and Austronesian languages, as well as Latin and Ancient Greek. This volume confirms the validity of the view that diachronic syntax is a scientific tool of inquiry in its own right.

Regeneration of Floodplain Biotopes on the Upper Rhine – The “Polder Altenheim” Case

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Siepe
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Flooding Regime ◽  
Theodoxus Fluviatilis ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Early Succession ◽  
Upper Rhine

The floodplain of the Upper Rhine and its biocoenoses have, through different river-regulatory activities over the last 175 years, undergone large scale degradation. At the same time flood protection for the downstream inhabitants has been greatly reduced. For reasons of flood protection, the “Polder Altenheim” in Baden-Württemberg, Germany southwest of Strasbourg, France, with so called retention flooding, was put into operation in 1987. The original floodplain had been diked for the previous 17 years, during which no flooding occurred. Since 1989 “ecological flooding” also is carried out. This has assisted in the regeneration of floodplain biotopes and promoted the floodplain biotic communities and the readaption of the bioceonosis to a regular flooding regime. The creation of new floodplain biotopes of early succession stages, particularly through geomorphodynamic processes, has followed the more than ten flood ocassions and typical biotic communities have colonised these sites. This will be presented together with selected examples of terrestrial and limnical species and communities. The following species and communities will be discussed: kingfisher Alcedo atthis, carabid communities (Coleoptera), the red alga Hildenbrandia rivularis (Rhodophyceae), the freshwater snail Theodoxus fluviatilis (Neritacea) and the freshwater bug Aphelocheirus aestivalis (Hydrocorisae).

The creation and application of a large-scale corpus-based academic multi-word unit list

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
James Rogers ◽  
Amanda Müller ◽  
Frank E. Daulton ◽  
Paul Dickinson ◽  
Cosmin Florescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The Creation

scholarly journals Augmenting Bug Localization with Part-of-Speech and Invocation

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (06) ◽  
pp. 925-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhou ◽  
Yanxiang Tong ◽  
Taolue Chen ◽  
Jin Han
Keyword(s):  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bug Localization ◽  
Bug Reports ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Adaptive Technique ◽  
Bug Report ◽  
Software Maintenance And Evolution ◽  
Speech Features ◽  
Localization Approach

Bug localization represents one of the most expensive, as well as time-consuming, activities during software maintenance and evolution. To alleviate the workload of developers, numerous methods have been proposed to automate this process and narrow down the scope of reviewing buggy files. In this paper, we present a novel buggy source-file localization approach, using the information from both the bug reports and the source files. We leverage the part-of-speech features of bug reports and the invocation relationship among source files. We also integrate an adaptive technique to further optimize the performance of the approach. The adaptive technique discriminates Top 1 and Top N recommendations for a given bug report and consists of two modules. One module is to maximize the accuracy of the first recommended file, and the other one aims at improving the accuracy of the fixed defect file list. We evaluate our approach on six large-scale open source projects, i.e. ASpectJ, Eclipse, SWT, Zxing, Birt and Tomcat. Compared to the previous work, empirical results show that our approach can improve the overall prediction performance in all of these cases. Particularly, in terms of the Top 1 recommendation accuracy, our approach achieves an enhancement from 22.73% to 39.86% for ASpectJ, from 24.36% to 30.76% for Eclipse, from 31.63% to 46.94% for SWT, from 40% to 55% for ZXing, from 7.97% to 21.99% for Birt, and from 33.37% to 38.90% for Tomcat.

Optimized Large Scale Synthesis of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides on PS-PEG Supports

1997 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Michael Gerster ◽  
Martin Maier ◽  
Nils Clausen ◽  
Jens Schewitz ◽  
Ernst Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrospray Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
Capillary Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Phosphoramidite Chemistry ◽  
Large Scale Synthesis

Sulphurization is a crucial step during synthesis of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. Insufficient reaction leads to inhomogeneous products with phosphodiester defects and subsequently to destabilization of the oligomers in biological media. To achieve a maximum extent of sulphur incorporation, various sulphurizing agents have been investigated. Solely, the use of Beaucage reagent provided satisfactory results on PS-PEG supports. Based on our investigations in small scale synthesis (1 μmol) with continuous-flow technique, upscaling to the 0.1-0.25 mmolar range has been achieved using a peptide synthesizer. The syntheses were performed in batch mode with standard phosphoramidite chemistry. Additionally, large scale synthesis of a phosphodiester oligonucleotide has been carried out on PS-PEG with optimized protocols and compared to small scale synthesis on different supports. Products were analysed by 31P NMR, capillary gel electrophoresis and electrospray mass spectrometry. An extent of sulphurization of 99% and coupling effiencies of more than 99% were obtained and the products proved to have similar purity compared to small scale syntheses on CPG

Legal restrictions on the right of association in political parties and their interpretation in court decisions: comparative legal analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-179
Author(s):  
Andrey Vershinin
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Party System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Creation

The article examines the issue of exercising the freedom of association in political parties in Russia in a comparative analysis with the leading democratic countries of the world. Modern democracies cannot be imagined without political parties, which are the representors of the interests of their voters in legislative bodies and local government bodies. The development of civil society and the entire political system in the country depends on how the freedom of association in political parties and the access of parties to participate in elections is realized. The development of legislation on political parties in the Russian Federation proceeded unevenly. In the first years after the adoption of the Constitution the legislative body did not introduce strict requirements for parties. The adoption of a special federal law on political parties in 2001 became a turning point in the development of the party system. The author identifies two large blocks of restrictions on the creation of parties. The first is legislative restrictions, the second is the restrictions that arise from the unfair activities of legislative and law enforcement agencies. In this work, legislative restrictions are compared with restrictions in other democracies, as well as based on legal positions developed by the European Court of Human Rights. The author comes to the opinion that some restrictions on the creation of parties are not necessary now, in the meantime they significantly narrow the possibilities of party creation and political competition. First, we are talking about a ban on the creation of regional parties. The Constitutional Court in its legal positions indicated that this restriction is temporary and will be lifted over time. Within the framework of this work, the author will give suggestions on changing the approach to the creation of political parties in Russia, which should affect the emergence of new strong parties at different levels of public authority. The author believes that a system of “controlled multiparty system” has developed in Russia, which is implemented both in changing the legislation on political parties based on the interests of the “party in power” and the practice of the registration body, which prevents the formation of new parties claiming to redistribute the existing distribution of forces. Based on the analysis of the legislation on political parties, law enforcement practice, decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the ECHR and the legislation of foreign countries, the author proposes approaches to reforming the existing party system, which include small cosmetic changes and large-scale changes in approaches to the creation of parties.

The Agrarian Reform and the City: The Great Expansion of Sibiu during the Interwar Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-44
Author(s):  
Diana Mihnea
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Technical Council ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Territory

During the 1920s, the city of Sibiu expanded by approximately 250 hectares, with an area that was three times larger than its historical core. This great expansion was the result of the application of the agrarian reform, whose laws allowed and encouraged the creation of new building plots in the cities of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș. Although this was the largest territorial growth of the city up until that time, it was not controlled by the municipality and its Technical Office. In fact, the city authorities were excluded from most stages of the decision-making process. All the decisions were taken by the central and local institutions of the Ministry of Agriculture and Domains that were in charge with the application of the agrarian reform. The territorial expansion was not based on any large-scale studies regarding the needs of the city or the impact on its future development. In fact, the proportions and the directions of the city’s expansion were dictated mostly by the number of accepted requests for building plots and by the position of the areas that could be expropriated and that were suitable to be parcelled. The creation of the large new allotments was simultaneous with the efforts of the municipality to draft a systematisation plan that was now urgently necessary, given the rapidly changing situation of the city, and it was imposed by the new administrative legislation of Romania. So, shortly after the parceling plans were issued and the new building plots were distributed to those entitled, a preliminary systematization plan – drafted between 1926 and 1928 – proposed the revision of the new allotments and the modification of the procedure for assigning the building plots according to a system that would allow a gradual territorial growth of the city. Hence, during the second half of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s there were ample negotiations over the new urban territory, involving not only the Ministry of Agriculture and Domains, but also the Ministry of Interior and the Superior Technical Council. In the end, after almost a decade of negotiations, only minor adjustments were made to the allotments and the provisions of the systematisation plan were only partly applied.

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