The Agrarian Reform and the City: The Great Expansion of Sibiu during the Interwar Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-44
Author(s):  
Diana Mihnea
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Technical Council ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Territory

During the 1920s, the city of Sibiu expanded by approximately 250 hectares, with an area that was three times larger than its historical core. This great expansion was the result of the application of the agrarian reform, whose laws allowed and encouraged the creation of new building plots in the cities of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș. Although this was the largest territorial growth of the city up until that time, it was not controlled by the municipality and its Technical Office. In fact, the city authorities were excluded from most stages of the decision-making process. All the decisions were taken by the central and local institutions of the Ministry of Agriculture and Domains that were in charge with the application of the agrarian reform. The territorial expansion was not based on any large-scale studies regarding the needs of the city or the impact on its future development. In fact, the proportions and the directions of the city’s expansion were dictated mostly by the number of accepted requests for building plots and by the position of the areas that could be expropriated and that were suitable to be parcelled. The creation of the large new allotments was simultaneous with the efforts of the municipality to draft a systematisation plan that was now urgently necessary, given the rapidly changing situation of the city, and it was imposed by the new administrative legislation of Romania. So, shortly after the parceling plans were issued and the new building plots were distributed to those entitled, a preliminary systematization plan – drafted between 1926 and 1928 – proposed the revision of the new allotments and the modification of the procedure for assigning the building plots according to a system that would allow a gradual territorial growth of the city. Hence, during the second half of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s there were ample negotiations over the new urban territory, involving not only the Ministry of Agriculture and Domains, but also the Ministry of Interior and the Superior Technical Council. In the end, after almost a decade of negotiations, only minor adjustments were made to the allotments and the provisions of the systematisation plan were only partly applied.

scholarly journals The Art of Re-Industrialisation in Shanghai

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Gu
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Industrial Restructuring ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Global Finance ◽  
Business Services ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This paper deals with the development of ’art clusters’ and their relocation in the city of Shanghai. It first looks at the revival of the city’s old inner city industrial area (along banks of Suzhou River) through ’organic’ or ’alternative’ artist-led cultural production; second, it describes the impact on these activities of the industrial restructuring of the wider city, reliant on large-scale real estate development, business services and global finance; and finally, outlines the relocation of these arts (and related) cultural industries to dispersed CBD locations as a result of those spatial, industrial and policy changes.

scholarly journals THE ACTIVITY OF F.F. ERISMAN IN MOSCOW LOW TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATIONS (ON THE 175TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS BIRTH)

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-377
Author(s):  
Irina V. Egorysheva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dental Hygienist ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Large Scale Study ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Work And Life

The article is devoted to the participation of the outstanding dental hygienist F. F. Erisman in the development of the Moscow low territorial sanitary organization. Under his leadership, there was carried out a large-scale study of the impact of conditions of the work and life on the health of plant workers, served as a model for similar types of sanitary-statistical research in a number of rural provinces. F. F. Erisman actively participated in the work of the sanitary organization of the Moscow gubernia Zemstvo, the creation of the first district sanitary Bureau.

scholarly journals Incidence of Photovoltaics in Cities Based on Indicators of Occupancy and Urban Sustainability

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Barragán-Escandón ◽  
Esteban Zalamea-León ◽  
Julio Terrados-Cepeda
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Urban Energy ◽  
Urban Level ◽  
Energy Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Previous research has assessed the potential of solar energy against possible demand; however, the sustainability issues associated with the use of large-scale photovoltaic deployment in urban areas have not been jointly established. In this paper, the impact of photovoltaic energy in the total urban energy mix is estimated using a series of indicators that consider the economic, environmental and social dimensions. These indicators have been previously applied at the country level; the main contribution of this research is applying them at the urban level to the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Cuenca is close to the equatorial line and at a high altitude, enabling this area to reach the maximum self-supply index because of the high irradiation levels and reduced demand. The solar potential was estimated using a simple methodology that applies several indexes that were proven reliable in a local context considering this particular sun path. The results demonstrate that the solar potential can meet the electric power demand of this city, and only the indicator related to employment is positive and substantially affected. The indicators related to the price of energy, emissions and fossil fuel dependency do not change significantly, unless a fuel-to-electricity transport system conversions take place.

scholarly journals Comparison of Large Woody Debris Prototypes in a Large Scale Non-flume Physical Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 05010
Author(s):  
Brian Perry ◽  
Colin Rennie ◽  
Andrew Cornett ◽  
Paul Knox
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Debris Accumulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Due to excessive rainfall in June of 2013, several rivers located in and near the City of Calgary, Canada experienced significant flooding events. These events caused severe damage to infrastructure throughout the city, precipitating a renewed interest in flood control and mitigation strategies for the area. A major potential strategy involves partial diversion of Elbow River flood water to the proposed Springbank Off-Stream Storage Reservoir. A large scale physical model study was conducted to optimize and validate the design of a portion of the new project. The goals of the physical model were to investigate diversion system behaviors such as flow rates, water levels, sediment transport and, debris accumulation, and optimize the design of new flow control structures to be constructed on the Elbow River. In order to accurately represent the behavior of debris within the system due to flooding, large woody debris created from natural sources was utilized in the physical model and its performance was compared to that of debris of the same size fabricated from pressed cylindrical wood dowels. In addition to comparing the performance of these two debris types, the impact of root wads on debris damming was also investigated. Significant differences in damming behavior was shown to exist between the natural debris and the fabricated debris, while the impact of root wad on damming affected the dam structure and formation. The results of this experiment indicate that natural debris is preferred for studies involving debris accumulation.

Lessons from a Large-Scale Experiment on the Use of Smartphone Apps to Collect Travel Diary Data: The “City Logger” for the Greater Golden Horseshoe Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (7) ◽  
pp. 299-311
Author(s):  
Ahmadreza Faghih Imani ◽  
Chris Harding ◽  
Siva Srikukenthiran ◽  
Eric J. Miller ◽  
Khandker Nurul Habib
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smartphone Apps ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Travel Diary ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
App Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Smartphones offer a potential alternative to collect high-quality information on the travel patterns of individuals without burdening the respondents with reporting every detail of their travel. Smartphone apps have recently become a common tool for travel survey data collection around the world, especially for multiday surveys. However, there still exists a lack of systematic assessment of issues related to smartphone app-based surveys, such as the impact of app design or the recruitment method on the collected data. Through a large-scale experiment (named the City Logger), this paper assesses the data produced by the City Logger app, to better understand recruitment avenues (targeted invitation versus crowdsourcing), and examine differences in respondents’ travel behavior recruited through crowdsourcing methods. The paper also examines how app design, and particularly the user input method for trip validation, influences participants’ responses. The results indicate that, while crowdsourcing recruitment is promising, it might not yet be the best way to capture a true representation of the population. For app design, a combination of real-time and travel diary approaches is recommended. An ideal app would prompt users real-time and create a travel diary, so users can validate, edit, or delete the recorded information.

Die Rolle jüdischer Finanziers bei reichsstädtischen Expansionsbestrebungen im späten Mittelalter

Aschkenas ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Scholl
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Urban Territories ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The City ◽  
Expansion Policy

AbstractThis article deals with the role Jewish moneylenders played in the expansion policy of Imperial Cities in the Later Middle Ages. It focuses on the examples of Zurich , Bern and Ulm because it was in these cases that Jews made the most important contributions to the creation of urban territories. As will be shown, there were several ways by which city councils could make use of Jewish money to support their territorial ambitions: Unfortunately, one way of acquiring money for territorial expansion was the plundering of Jewish communities, which happened in Ulm in 1385, for example. Apart from that, the city councils could gain territorial profit from Jewish businessmen granting loans to noblemen who were endowed with landed property in the vicinity of the cities. When these nobles could not repay their loans to the Jews, they were forced to cede their territories to the city councils which, in return, repaid the noble’s loans to the Jewish moneylenders. Probably due to the high interests, the city councils themselves, however, hardly ever took out loans to finance territorial expansion directly.

Rooting a new event in its place: the case of Festa Templária, Tomar, Portugal

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermínia Sol ◽  
Marisa P. de Brito ◽  
João Pinto Coelho ◽  
Luís Mota Figueira ◽  
Christopher Pratt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The City ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose With fierce competition in capturing tourists, it is crucial that destinations be prepared to adapt and to refresh their event portfolio. The purpose of this paper is to look into the decision-making process that led to the development of a new festival in a middle-sized city, Tomar, in Portugal. Design/methodology/approach This study analyses the creation process of the Knights Templar Festival, in Tomar, a new event focusing on the Templar history of the city. A retrospective outlook on the evolution of the event is given. Primary data were collected via quantitative survey analysis and semi-structured interviews. The theoretical scope is events and placemaking. Findings The strengths and weaknesses of the region influenced the conception and setting up of this particular event. This awareness is important for cities in meeting the challenges and opportunities that event portfolio diversification calls for. Research limitations/implications This paper helps us to understand the motives and challenges in establishing a new event in the city, through the analysis of a single case study of a European middle-sized city. Simultaneously, it is a longitudinal in-depth case of the first editions of a new historically focused event. Practical implications Several practical implications can be derived to the case of Tomar. Overall, it is key that cities align the focus of new events with the city’s identity (as Tomar did). Originality/value This paper presents an in-depth and longitudinal case study, from the moment of the creation of a new event to its fourth edition, mapping the decision-making process, highlighting the learning curve of the decision makers.

scholarly journals The reform of the system of management of the cities of Galicia in 1889 in the context of regional policy of the Austria-Hungary

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (50) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Serhiy Dobrzhanskyi
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Special Control

In the article it has been analyzed the specifics of the functioning of self-government bodies of the cities of Galicia in the second half of XIX century. It is proved that the law of 1889 facilitated the formation of elected bodies of self-government. It was indicated that the law of 1889 significantly expanded the rights of urban self-government. Compared to the previous laws (1862 s 1866), which concerned the big cities of Lviv and Krakow, the new law already includes 30 towns.  Particular attention has been focused on functional responsibilities of public council and magistrate. They had the regulatory with supervisory and administrative executive functions respectively. A constant value membership of public council was set at 36, regardless of the number of residents. The head of both organization was burgomaster.  His credentials included: organize the work of the council, sign documents, disciplinary control and representation of the city before the higher authorities.  In return, the regional authorities have supervised that the bodies of self-government have not exceeded powers and has not violated the law. The innovation in 1889 caused by political motives and the need to increase the efficiency of self-governing bodies, elimination of shortcomings in their work. Among them: the fight against the absenteeism and the indifference of elected people, the creation of a managerial hierarchy between the Council and the magistrate, the creation of special control commissions, the audit of municipal finances, and the improvement of clerical management. The changes made it possible to extend the impact of cities on Galicia's socio-economic life. Keywords: Self-government, Magistrate, Burgomaster, Municipal Enterprises.

scholarly journals Depressed spaces as an instrument for transformation of urban areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 02008
Author(s):  
Valentina Kurochkina
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Recently, more and more often urban abandoned and depressed spaces that were previously used as industrial facilities or temporarily used are becoming the sphere of architectural and landscape transformations. These territories can occupy a significant part of the city. This paper examines the features of the formation of urban planning systems, as well as the impact of depressed spaces on the quality of the urban environment. This paper studies such depressed spaces as abandoned industrial areas and objects of unfinished construction. The paper assesses the impact of depressed spaces, identifies criteria that reflect the nature, scale and features of their impact on the environment, on the safety and quality of the urban environment, as well as their role in the structure of the city as a whole. The principles and features of the formation of such urban depressed spaces, as well as the patterns of their development are revealed. The features of the formation of open public space of urban systems, as well as ways of transforming depressed spaces, aimed at increasing their social significance, integrating them into the general urban development, and improving the ecological and social situation are considered. The paper concludes that the problem of restoration of depressed spaces is very important and urgent today. The creation of a continuous urban tissue is impossible without the reorganization of such spaces, as well as the creation of an integral compositional, functional and communication urban planning system.

scholarly journals Urban water bodies as the basis for functioning of public spaces

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
Valentina Kurochkina
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Recently, housing construction in cities has been carried out at a high rate. Increasingly, urban abandoned and flooded depressive spaces near water bodies (often rivers), which were previously used as industrial facilities or temporarily used, are becoming the sphere of architectural and landscape transformations. The restoration of such territories helps to improve the quality of urban space and improve its ecological properties. Correct development of territories near rivers and various water bodies has a great health-improving effect on the urban environment, improves its natural and climatic conditions. In addition, social and economic factors play an important role in this process, since such transformed territories and territories adjacent to them significantly increase investment attractiveness. This paper examines modern approaches to the development of urban public spaces, based on the formation of architectural environments that ensure the relationship of urban development with water bodies and adjacent territories. The paper notes that water bodies are not only an important component of the natural-ecological framework, but are also the basis for the framework of urban-planning natural-technogenic systems as a whole. And the creation of a continuous urban fabric is impossible without the organization of a ‘water’ line of development, provision of compositional, functional and communication interconnection of open urban and water spaces, which is actively being introduced today in architectural and urban planning practice. The paper examines the role of water bodies in the ecological system of the city, as well as in its structure as a whole. The aim of the study is to identify the features of the formation of a public urban space, to determine the patterns of its development, to identify criteria that reflect the nature, scale and features of the impact of urbanization on a water body. Some principles of revitalization of coastal areas, as well as the creation of a system of publicly accessible, compositionally expressive spaces are considered. The principles of space transformation aimed at the formation of a holistic image of the city, as well as the impact of such a spatial arrangement of urban and water bodies on the safety and quality of the urban environment are considered.

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