A Speech Acts Analysis of English COVID-19 News Headlines

News headlines are key elements in spreading news. They are unique texts written in a special language which enables readers understand the overall nature and importance of the topic. However, this special language causes difficulty for readers in understanding the headline. To illuminate this difficulty, it is argued that a pragmatic analysis from a speech act theory perspective is a plausible tool for a headline analysis. The main objective of the study is to pragmatically analyze the most frequently employed types of speech acts in the news headlines covering COVID-19 in Aljazeera English website. To this end, Bach and Harnish's (1979) Taxonomy of Speech Acts has been adopted to analyze the data. Thirty headlines have been collected from Aljazeera English news website. The findings have shown that constatives and directives occur more frequently than commissives. Other types, like acknowledgments, effectives and verdictives are not employed. The study has concluded that to pay a special emphasis on COVID-19 as an issue that preoccupied and endangered the world, headline writers of Aljazeera website uses specific speech acts, constatives and directives, more frequently than others. This makes it clear that using specific speech acts in writing headlines is an effective way for inspiring readers to easily understand the intended message.

Language Markers of Leadership in Political Discourse

Leadership as an indispensable element of social relations is an object of research within different schools of thought; however, its common understanding has not been developed yet. Different authors share the opinion that leadership includes authority, ability to lead, take decisions, influence people, organize and structure group interaction, unite people to achieve a goal. In linguistics it is studied in sociolinguistics, political and anthropological linguistics. In the research the authors aim at detecting special language markers of leadership in the speech of a political leader which are verbalized by language means of different language layers, while their choice depends on sociocultural codes shared by the leader, typical of certain linguoculture, age, social, professional group, and stipulated by individual features of the leader’s personality. Considering the existing approaches to linguistic markers analysis, the authors point out at the relevance of sociolinguistic and athropolinguistic approaches, as these markers lie in the area of intersection of social dialect and leader’s idiolect. On the material of the interview of V.V. Putin to NBC journalist the authors attempt to detect, describe and classify markers of leadership in the political leader’ discourse. To define the lexical means of verbalization of leadership the authors employ the theoretical insights of conceptual fields theory. Pragmarhetoric markers are studied through speech acts theory. The research proved the authors’ hypothesis that a leader’s speech contains a multi-level complex of language markers of leadership, i.e. lexical and pragmarhetoric units which express the phenomenon of leadership in the discourse of a political leader.

Kaplan’s System and Process

In this note Wight critically analyses Morton Kaplan’s System and Process in International Politics. While ‘positivist theorists’ aspiring to scientific rigour have belittled philosophical works on topics such as the just war or natural law as ‘tautologous or platitudinous’, these theorists have themselves constructed ‘new edifices of tautology and platitude’. Kaplan, for example, restates ‘simple and obvious truths, in the impressive special language of his theory’. Wight lists other shortcomings. Kaplan’s ‘historical limitedness’ reflects his ‘small range of historical reference’. Kaplan’s reliance on the abstractions of game theory leads to ‘the unintentional effect’ of ‘trivialization’ of ‘the awful issues of peace and war’. Furthermore, Kaplan’s ‘analytical jargon atomises and disintegrates reality’, and this results in ‘dehumanization’ and ‘hypostatization’ of the abstractions. Finally, ‘Objectivity becomes moral neutrality’, with ‘moral content … drained off, and then added again to the stew in pinches of recognition as “parameters” or “values”’.

Solo una cantina buia? Alcune riflessioni sulla magia

Like all major categories of culture, magic is an impossible phenomenon to define as a whole. It incorporates refined processes such as alchemy and theurgy, folklore, the countless manifestations of love magic, exoterism in its most diverse forms, and even the dark corner of voodoo magic. It should be considered a special language: its procedures respond to the fundamental rules of language, metaphorical axis and metonymic axis, according to Roman Jakobson’s theory.

Peculiarities of teaching a foreign language to lawyers students

The language of law is a technical language, different from other technical languages such as mathematics or physics, as it is bound to the national legal system and has its own highly specialised terminology. In a language of special communication, the text is expressed in a special language or sub-language that is subject to specific syntactic, semantic and pragmatic rules. Purpose of the study: To examine the specific features of teaching a foreign language to lawyers students. A systematic review can be explained as a research method and process for identifying and critically evaluating relevant studies and for collecting and analysing data from those studies. An excellent result of teaching legal English involves providing students with the ability to formulate speech with specific terminology and to develop their thinking about the law. Here's why teachers encourage discussion and role-playing to improve students' oral expression. An excellent method of developing listening skills in the absence of native speakers is video. We use this method with our class and it has proved very effective in attaining communication purposes. Teachers design all kinds of exercises for students and apply them while watching or post-viewing videos.

Situational Modeling Technology in Virtual Environment Systems

The technology of modelling various situations in virtual environment systems, which are computer three-dimensional models of a real or artificial environment, is discussed. The user can view these scenes directly on the computer screen, wall screen, in a stereo glasses, virtual reality glasses, etc. He can also move inside a virtual scene and interact with its objects. In turn, the environment can also change. This allows modelling of various situations (situation modelling) in the virtual environment system. With such modelling, some static or dynamic situation is set in the virtual environment system in which the operator must perform the tasks assigned to him. A mechanism for setting situations by changing a virtual three-dimensional scene using configuration files and virtual control panels is proposed. A special language has been developed for writing configuration files, and a special editor has been developed for creating virtual control panels. The approbation of the proposed methods is presented on the examples of two virtual scenes: a training ground for mobile robots and a jet backpack for the rescue of an astronaut in outer space.

The Qur’anic story between the duality of science and religion, a theoretical study in the directions of understanding and opposition.

After the doctoral thesis of Muhammad Ahmad Khalaf Allah, which caused an uproar in the academic and religious circles alike, and from that moment, questions began to circulate about the Qur’anic text and its special language. Equal between the two languages. The dialectic of science and religion was the most prominent dialectic after that thesis, and did not pay attention to the discrepancy in the fields of science and religion, and those interested in the issue of graphic differentiation between the language of science, which is concerned with the interpretation of phenomena after their existence, and the language of the Holy Qur’an, which is concerned with the origin of existence and emergence, as it is concerned with building and educating the human being. And his education, while we see science that he is concerned with facilitating life from outside the person, not inside him. Hence, the Qur’anic stories were the most prominent field, and the thickest material for the duality of science and religion, as some of the modernists after Muhammad Ahmad Khalaf Allah indicated the conflict of Qur’anic stories with the constants of history, paleontology, geography and astronomy, which the research tried to answer. alkalimat almiftahia(alqsst alqrany- thnayyt aleilm waldiyn - atts alfahm waltaearud)

Special Language Domain in Which Grammatical Rules May Be Violated Legitimately in Chinese

“Special language domain” (SLD) refers to domains or areas of language use in which linguistic rules may be violated legitimately. The SLD is similar to “free trade zones,” “special administrative regions,” and “special economic zones” in which tariff, executive, and economic regulations may be legitimately violated to an extent. Innovative use in SLD is another major resource for language evolution and language change as well as language contact and language acquisition, since some temporary and innovative forms of usage in SLD may develop beyond the SLD at a later stage to become part of the core system of linguistic rules. Focusing on relevant grammatical phenomena observed in the Chinese language, poetry in various forms, titles and slogans, and Internet language are the three major types of SLD, and their violation of linguistic rules is motivated differently. Furthermore, although core linguistic rules may be violated in SLD, the violations are still subject to certain limits and restrictions. Only some language-particular rules can be violated legitimately in SLD; the principles of Universal Grammar, applicable generally for all human languages, have to be observed even in the SLD. The study of a special language domain provides an ideal and fascinating window for linguists to understand language mechanisms, explain historical change in language, and plausibly predict the future direction of language evolution.

THE ROLE OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE FORMATION OF A CULTURAL DIALOGUE IN THE STRUCTURE OF A LANGUAGE PERSONALITY

The article is devoted to the issues of the formation of a special language personality type, which is defined through the collaboration of cultures in its structure. The originality of the language personality is based on the interaction of different types of speech culture and different national cultures. The article studies sociocultural factors that can lead to a dialogue of cultures in the structure of a language personality. These factors can be common for the whole society and for an individual. The example of a language personality, in the structure of which there is a dialogue of speech cultures, is Maxim Gorky, a writer who is known for a creative attitude to the word. The dialogue of different national cultures is a mark of originality of the language personality of a modern rock poet Boris Grebenshchikov. It influenced his poetic language. The quality of assimilation of different cultures is realized at the level of meanings of a polysemous word, while either the meanings of the word refer to different cultures, or connotations, related to a particular culture, stick to the major meaning of the word.