Dimensions of bilingualism promoting cognitive control

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Khodos ◽  
Christo Moskovsky
Keyword(s):  
Dual Language ◽  
Switching Costs ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
Language Context

Abstract The study investigated the capacity of language experiences to predict cognitive performance of bilingual adults, with a special focus on participants’ proactive (mixing costs) and reactive (switching costs) control processes. Using a Language and Social Background Questionnaire, demographic and language data were collected from a linguistically diverse group of 60 bilingual adults residing in Australia. The participants were then tested on a non-verbal switching task. The results of multiple regressions revealed that two of the language variables being examined accounted for the variance in the mixing and switching costs. In particular, reduced mixing costs were related to the use of two languages in a dual-language context and earlier onset age of active bilingualism; reduced switching costs were linked to a dual-language context only. These findings reveal that bilingual experiences contribute to shaping proactive and reactive control processes across cognitive domains.

Bilinguals’ and monolinguals’ performance on a non-verbal cognitive control task: How bilingual language experience contributes to cognitive performance by reducing mixing and switching costs

2020 ◽  
pp. 136700692094640
Author(s):  
Iryna Khodos ◽  
Christo Moskovsky ◽  
Stefania Paolini
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Switching Costs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Onset Age ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
Language Context ◽  
Switching Task

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The study investigated whether language experience predicts cognitive performance in bilingual and monolingual adults. As indicators of language experience, we focused on language context, typological proximity/distance between two languages and onset age of active bilingualism. As indicators of cognitive performance, we measured mixing costs and switching costs to gauge proactive and reactive control processes during a computerized non-verbal cognitive control task. Design/methodology/approach: Demographic and language data were collected with the Language and Social Background Questionnaire. Mixing and switching costs were subsequently obtained using a cued non-verbal switching task. Data and analysis: The background and switching-task data obtained from 60 bilinguals from non-English-speaking backgrounds and 24 English monolinguals residing in Australia were analysed using linear fixed-effects regression analyses. Findings/conclusions: The results showed that the use of two languages in a dual-language context was associated with reduced switching costs relative to monolingual and bilingual separated-language contexts and with reduced mixing costs only relative to a bilingual separated-language context. Among the bilinguals, lower mixing costs were also associated with an earlier onset age of active bilingualism and smaller typological distance between two languages. Originality: This study’s design included bilinguals as a target group and monolinguals as a control group, thus enabling the identification of possible mixing and/or switching cost advantages in bilinguals. By targeting young/middle-aged adults and considering a set of potentially relevant language experiences, this work was, therefore, well placed to provide clarity on findings for an age group that previously returned mixed and inconclusive results regarding a bilingual advantage. Significance/implications: Our findings reinforce the idea that particular dimensions of bilingual experience rather than bilingualism per se are linked to enhanced cognitive performance.

scholarly journals Slower adaptation of control strategies in individuals with high impulsive tendencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Grisetto ◽  
Yvonne N. Delevoye-Turrell ◽  
Clémence Roger
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Score Distribution ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Split Method ◽  
Median Split ◽  
Reactive Processes

AbstractFlexible use of reactive and proactive control according to environmental demands is the key to adaptive behavior. In this study, forty-eight adults performed ten blocks of an AX-CPT task to reveal the strength of proactive control by the calculation of the proactive behavioral index (PBI). They also filled out the UPPS questionnaire to assess their impulsiveness. The median-split method based on the global UPPS score distribution was used to categorize participants as having high (HI) or low (LI) impulsiveness traits. The analyses revealed that the PBI was negatively correlated with the UPPS scores, suggesting that the higher is the impulsiveness, the weaker the dominance of proactive control processes. We showed, at an individual level, that the PBI increased across blocks and suggested that this effect was due to a smaller decrease in reactive control processes. Notably, the PBI increase was slower in the HI group than in the LI group. Moreover, participants who did not adapt to task demands were all characterized as high impulsive. Overall, the current study demonstrates that (1) impulsiveness is associated with less dominant proactive control due to (2) slower adaptation to task demands (3) driven by a stronger reliance on reactive processes. These findings are discussed in regards to pathological populations.

Cognitive and reactive control processes

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Jarrett ◽  
Ansley Tullos Gilpin ◽  
Jillian M. Pierucci ◽  
Ana T. Rondon
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Control Variables ◽  
Unique Variance ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Inattention And Hyperactivity

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be identified in the preschool years, but little is known about the correlates of ADHD symptoms in preschool children. Research to date suggests that factors such as temperament, personality, and neuropsychological functioning may be important in understanding the development of early ADHD symptomatology. The current study sought to extend this research by examining how cognitive and reactive control processes predict ADHD symptoms. Data were drawn from a larger study that measured the cognitive, social, and emotional functioning of preschool children. Eighty-seven children (aged 4–6 years) were evaluated using teacher report and laboratory task measures relevant to cognitive control (i.e., conscientiousness, working memory) and reactive control (i.e., neuroticism, delay of gratification) processes. In multiple regression analyses, cognitive control variables added unique variance in the prediction of both inattention and hyperactivity, but only reactive control variables added unique variance in the prediction of hyperactivity. The current findings align with past research suggesting that cognitive control processes (e.g., conscientiousness) are related to both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, while reactive control processes (e.g., neuroticism) are more strongly related to hyperactivity/impulsivity in preschool children. Future longitudinal research utilizing various methods and measures is needed to understand how cognitive and reactive control processes contribute to ADHD symptom development.

Bilingual advantage in executive control when task demands are considered

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI QU ◽  
JOEL JIA WEI LOW ◽  
TING ZHANG ◽  
HONG LI ◽  
PHILIP DAVID ZELAZO
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Switching Costs ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
Switching Task

To examine how task demands influence bilingual advantage in executive control over monolinguals, we tested 32 Chinese monolinguals and 32 Chinese–English bilinguals with four versions of a color-shape switching task. During switching trials, the task required participants to suppress one set of conflicting (or non-conflicting) responses and simultaneously to activate another set of conflicting (or non-conflicting) responses. The results showed that compared to monolinguals, (i) when suppressing conflicting responses or (ii) activating non-conflicting responses, bilinguals had significantly smaller switching costs though similar mixing costs; (iii) when suppressing one set of conflicting responses and simultaneously activating another set of conflicting responses, bilinguals had significantly smaller switching costs though larger mixing costs; and (iv) when suppressing one set of non-conflicting responses and simultaneously activating another set of non-conflicting responses, bilinguals had similar switching costs and mixing costs. These findings indicate that task demands affect bilingual advantage in executive control.

Reading dual language books: Improving early literacy skills in linguistically diverse classrooms

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahat Naqvi ◽  
Keoma J Thorne ◽  
Christina M Pfitscher ◽  
David W Nordstokke ◽  
Anne McKeough
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Dual Language ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Early Literacy Skills ◽  
Diverse Classrooms

Examining language switching in bilinguals: The role of preparation time

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHELA MOSCA ◽  
HARALD CLAHSEN
Keyword(s):  
Switching Costs ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Mixing Costs

Much research on language control in bilinguals has relied on the interpretation of the costs of switching between two languages. Of the two types of costs that are linked to language control, switching costs are assumed to be transient in nature and modulated by trial-specific manipulations (e.g., by preparation time), while mixing costs are supposed to be more stable and less affected by trial-specific manipulations. The present study investigated the effect of preparation time on switching and mixing costs, revealing that both types of costs can be influenced by trial-specific manipulations.

scholarly journals Are similar control processes implemented during single and dual language production? Evidence from switching between speech registers and languages

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Iva Ivanova ◽  
Jonathan Grainger ◽  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Dual Language ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
French And English

AbstractTo investigate whether similar control processes are used during single and dual language production, we compared register switching (formal and informal speech in the same language) vs. language switching (French and English). The results across two experiments showed a positive correlation of overall register- and language-switch costs and similar formal French switch costs across the two switching tasks. However, whereas increasing the cue-to-stimulus interval resulted in a reduction of language-switch costs, register-switch costs were unaffected by the interval manipulation. This difference in switch-cost pattern indicates that control processes are not entirely identical during single and dual language production.

scholarly journals The neural bases of proactive and reactive control processes in normal aging

2017 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 504-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Manard ◽  
Sarah François ◽  
Christophe Phillips ◽  
Eric Salmon ◽  
Fabienne Collette
Keyword(s):  
Normal Aging ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Neural Bases
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