scholarly journals Are similar control processes implemented during single and dual language production? Evidence from switching between speech registers and languages

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Iva Ivanova ◽  
Jonathan Grainger ◽  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Dual Language ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
French And English

AbstractTo investigate whether similar control processes are used during single and dual language production, we compared register switching (formal and informal speech in the same language) vs. language switching (French and English). The results across two experiments showed a positive correlation of overall register- and language-switch costs and similar formal French switch costs across the two switching tasks. However, whereas increasing the cue-to-stimulus interval resulted in a reduction of language-switch costs, register-switch costs were unaffected by the interval manipulation. This difference in switch-cost pattern indicates that control processes are not entirely identical during single and dual language production.

Language-switch costs and dual-response costs in bimodal bilingual language production

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILY KAUFMANN ◽  
ANDREA M. PHILIPP
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Signed Language ◽  
Dual Response ◽  
Single Response ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
German Sign Language

In communication, different forms of language combinations are possible for bimodal bilinguals, who use a spoken and a signed language. They can either switch from one language to another (language switching) or produce a word and a sign simultaneously (language blending). The present study examines language control mechanisms in language switching and simultaneous bimodal language production, comparing single-response (German or German Sign Language) and dual-response trials (Blend of the German word and the German Sign Language sign). There were three pure blocks, one for each Target-response (German, German Sign Language, Blend), as well as mixed blocks, in which participants switched between all three Target-responses. We observed language mixing costs, switch costs and dual-response costs. Further, the data pattern showed a specific dual-response advantage for switching into a Blend (i.e., a dual-response trial), indicating the specific nature of a blended response in bimodal bilingual language production.

Dissociating language-switch costs from cue-switch costs in bilingual language switching

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIN W. HEIKOOP ◽  
MATHIEU DECLERCK ◽  
SANDER A. LOS ◽  
IRING KOCH
Keyword(s):  
Language Switching ◽  
Language Mapping ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Language Control

Cued language switching is used to examine language-control processes by comparing performance in language-switch trials with performance in repetition trials. In 1:1 cue-to-language mappings, language repetitions involve cue repetitions and language switches involve cue switches. Hence, the observed switch costs might reflect cue-switch costs rather than language-related control processes. By introducing a 2:1 cue-to-language mapping, we dissociated language switches (cue and language switched vs. cue switched, but language repeated) and cue switches (repeated language, with vs. without switched cue). We found cue-switch costs, but language-related switch costs were substantial, too, presumably reflecting language-control processes in cued language switching.

scholarly journals The Differential Role of Executive Functions in the Cognitive Control of Language Switching

Languages ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Jared A. Linck ◽  
John W. Schwieter ◽  
Gretchen Sunderman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Global And Local

Studies of bilingual speech production suggest that different executive functions (EFs) contribute to the cognitive control of language production. However, no study has simultaneously examined the relationship between different EFs and language control during online speech production. The current study examined individual differences in three EFs (working memory updating, inhibitory control, and task-set switching) and their relationship with performance in a trilingual language-switching task for a group of forty-seven native English (L1) speakers learning French (L2) and Spanish (L3). Analyses indicate complex interactions between EFs and language switching: better inhibitory control was related to smaller L1 switch costs, whereas better working memory was related to larger L1 switch costs. Working memory was also related to larger L2 switch costs, but only when switching from L1. These results support theories of cognitive control that implicate both global and local control mechanisms, and suggest unique contributions of each EF to both global and local cognitive control during language switching. Finally, we discuss the implications for theories of multilingual language control.

scholarly journals Is it easier to use one language variety at a time, or mix them? An investigation of voluntary language switching with bidialectals

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256554
Author(s):  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Neil W. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Language Variety ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Language Control ◽  
The Cost

Previous language production research with bidialectals has provided evidence for similar language control processes as during bilingual language production. In the current study, we aim to further investigate this claim by examining bidialectals with a voluntary language switching paradigm. Research with bilinguals performing the voluntary language switching paradigm has consistently shown two effects. First, the cost of switching languages, relative to staying in the same language, is similar across the two languages. The second effect is more uniquely connected to voluntary language switching, namely a benefit when performing in mixed language blocks relative to single language blocks, which has been connected to proactive language control. If a similar pattern could be observed with bidialectals in a voluntary language switching paradigm, then this would provide additional evidence in favor of similar control processes underlying bidialectal and bilingual language production.

scholarly journals Switching attention from internal to external information processing: a review of the literature and empirical support of the resource sharing account

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Verschooren ◽  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Rudi de Raedt ◽  
Gilles Pourtois
Keyword(s):  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
External Information ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Domain Switch

Despite its everyday ubiquity, not much is currently known about cognitive processes involved in flexible shifts of attention between external and internal information. An important model in the task-switching literature, which can serve as a blueprint for attentional flexibility, states that switch costs correspond to the time needed for a serial control mechanism to reallocate a limited resource from the previous task context to the current one. To formulate predictions from this model when applied to a switch between perceptual attention (external component) and working memory (WM; internal component), we first need to determine whether a single, serial control mechanism is in place and, subsequently, whether a limited resource is shared between them. Following a review of the literature, we predicted that a between-domain switch cost should be observed, and its size should be either similar or reduced compared to the standard, within-domain, switch cost. These latter two predictions derive from a shared resource account between external and internal attention, or partial independence among them, respectively. In a second phase, we put to the test these opposing predictions in four successive behavioral experiments by means of a new paradigm suited to compare directly between- (internal to external) and within-domain (external to external) switch costs. Across them, we demonstrated the existence of a reliable between-domain switch cost whose magnitude was similar to the within-domain one, thereby lending support to the resource sharing account.

The “work” of being a bilingual: Exploring effects of forced language switching on language production and stress level in a real-world setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-725
Author(s):  
Sara A. Smith ◽  
Stephanie R. Seitz ◽  
Kelly H. Koutnik ◽  
Meaghan Mckenna ◽  
Jorge N. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Virtual Meeting ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multiple Languages ◽  
General Work ◽  
English Heritage

AbstractResearch using single-word paradigms has established that forced language switching incurs processing costs for some bilinguals, yet, less research has addressed this phenomenon at the utterance level or considered real-world applications. The current study examined the impacts of forced language switching on spoken output and stress using a simulated virtual meeting. Twenty Spanish–English heritage bilinguals responded to general work-oriented questions in monolingual English (control) or language-switching (experimental) conditions. Responses were analyzed for mean length of utterance (MLU) and type-token-ratio (TTR). Multilevel modeling revealed an interaction effect of Condition (control vs. experimental) and question order on MLU, such that participants in the experimental condition produced significantly shorter utterances by the end of the task. Participants also had significantly lower lexical variation (TTR) overall in the experimental than the control condition. A 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed a significant effect of Condition and an interaction of Task (pre- vs. posttask) and Condition, such that participants in the control condition reported significantly lower stress after the activity. Results demonstrated the impact of a forced switching condition on production at the utterance level. Findings have implications for theory and scenarios in which heritage bilinguals are asked to use multiple languages in the workplace.

scholarly journals Psychometric proprieties of a color-shape version of the switch task

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (23 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S4.1-S4
Author(s):  
Veronik Sicard ◽  
Alexe Simard ◽  
Robert Davis Moore ◽  
Gabriel Lavoie ◽  
Dave Ellemberg
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
The Impact

The impact of concussions on an individual's cognitive functioning has become a growing health concern over the past several years; however, the search for sensitive tests persists. The task-switching paradigm is known to be sensitive to various medical conditions, including concussion. Accordingly, we developed 2 versions of the color-shape switch task. Three different costs are computed from the raw scores: global switch cost, which is thought to be a measure of global cognitive control; local switch cost, which is believed to be a measure of cognitive flexibility; and working memory cost. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychometric characteristics of these costs. An ANOVA revealed a main effect of sex on local latency switch cost, with females exhibiting longer latencies than males, p = 0.05. No main effect of sex was observed on any other switch costs. Moreover, no main effect of experimenter or version of the task was observed. Local switch cost was significantly correlated with trails 4 and 5 of the Comprehensive Trail Making Test (rs > 0.21, ps < 0.04). No other significant correlation between costs and established neuropsychological tests was observed, indicating low convergent validity. The intraclass correlation coefficient estimates ranged from 0.23 to 0.77, suggesting low-to-moderate 1-week test-retest reliability. Results indicated a low switch costs; convergent validity. Moreover, results show that the traditionally computed switch costs are less reliable than the primary outcomes (i.e., reaction time and accuracy). Researchers and clinicians should rely on primary variables from the task-switching paradigm rather than computing the traditional switch costs to increase the psychometric properties of the tasks which is critical to advances in theoretical models of executive functions and evaluations of clinical populations.

Cue-switch costs in task-switching: cue priming or control processes?

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Grange ◽  
George Houghton
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Switch Costs

Inhibitory control predicts language switching performance in trilingual speech production

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
JARED A. LINCK ◽  
JOHN W. SCHWIETER ◽  
GRETCHEN SUNDERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Switching Performance ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Switching Task ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the role of domain-general inhibitory control in trilingual speech production. Taking an individual differences approach, we examined the relationship between performance on a non-linguistic measure of inhibitory control (the Simon task) and a multilingual language switching task for a group of fifty-six native English (L1) speakers learning French (L2) and Spanish (L3). Better inhibitory control was related to reduced switch costs, but only when switching into or out of the more dominant L1, where inhibitory control has been theorized to be most important (Green, 1998). The results provide evidence of a direct link between inhibitory control abilities and language switching capabilities, and suggest constraints on the conditions under which a domain-general inhibitory control mechanism supports language switching.

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