Chocó Spanish and the Missing Spanish Creole debate

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Sessarego
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Era ◽  
Gold Mines ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Many

Abstract This study offers a linguistic and sociohistorical analysis of Chocó Spanish (CS), an Afro-Hispanic variety spoken in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia by the descendants of the slaves taken to this region to work in gold mines during the colonial era. This research also tackles the many questions arising from the much-debated origins of the Afro-Hispanic Languages of the Americas (AHLAs) (McWhorter 2000; Lipski 2005). It provides an account of the evolution of CS that is rooted in the recently proposed Legal Hypothesis of Creole Genesis (Sessarego 2015, 2017a). In so doing, this article tests to what extent such a hypothesis makes valid predictions for a variety like CS, which developed in a region described by many as ‘remote’ and ‘on the frontier’ (cf. Whitten 1974; Sharp 1976), thus far away from legal courts and where law was not likely to be properly enforced.

scholarly journals Mobility and Ideological Perspective of Asano Akira in Java During Period of Japan Occupation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Syahrur Marta Dwisusilo ◽  
Lucitra A. Yuniar
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
New Historicism ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
Japanese Colonial

The period of Japanese occupation for 3 years in Indonesia is sort when compared to the Dutch colonial period. However, at that time it was a critical time for the formation of various ideological thoughts. One of the ideologies that emerged in the Japanese colonial era was the ideology of "Greater Asia", which is known as the ideology of unification of Asia. During the Pacific War, Japanese writers who underwent military service in Indonesia published many of his writings for the purposes of Japanese military propaganda, especially those related to prapaganda of Greater Asia ideology. One of the most active writers in spreading this ideology was Asano Akira. This research clarifies the role of Asano Akira in spreading the ideology of Greater Asia through its activities and mobility in Java with the approach of new historicism and orientalism.

Part 1: Chapter 2 Outline History of Geological Research

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brian Harland
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Know How ◽  
Hydrographic Survey ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arctic Exploration ◽  
The Many ◽  
Geological Work ◽  
Geological Research ◽  
Selection Of

Useful records of observations perhaps began in 1596 with Barents' voyage and resulting chart. The many expeditions until the middle of the eighteenth century were primarily for whaling with minor additions to the charts. In 1758 A. R. Martin led a Swedish voyage and in 1773 C. J. Phipps commanded a British naval expedition, the first of several, to seek a northeast passage to the Pacific. They penetrated no further than Spitsbergen and made useful observations. At that time and for many years the British Admiralty was concerned with extensive Arctic exploration. The elaborate nature of these expeditions was not so much designed for scientific purposes as for useful employment for enterprising officers, with ships in numbers no longer needed in the period of naval supremacy after 1805. Hydrographic survey was often the principal achievement. In terms of efficiency and Arctic know-how the early whalers such as Scoresby were superior.1827 may be considered as the year when geological work began, with expeditions from Norway (B. M. Keilhau 1831) and Britain (Capt. Parry, e.g. Horner 1860; Salter 1860). Keilhau, a geologist, visited Edgeoya and Bjornoya. Admiral Parry, Hydrographer of the Navy, wintered on HMS Hecla in Sorgfjorden where further specimens were collected. In 1837 an early Swedish expedition was directed by Loven. Then, 1838 to 1840, the French voyage of La Recherche took place under the Commission Scientifique du Nord (e.g. Robert 1840).Only a selection of the many expeditions in the second half of the century are noted here.

Re-imagined Community: The Mapuche Nation in Neoliberal Chile

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-220
Author(s):  
Gerardo Gómez Michel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Imagined Community ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Multicultural Community ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Multicultural Policies

In the last decades, one of the punchlines that has sought to legitimize neoliberal political discourse in Latin America is that of a harmonious multicultural community resulting from the recognition of cultural difference. However, progressive multicultural policies are routinely confronted with neoliberal economic mandates and prevalent socio-economic inequalities grounded in dominant criollo-mestizo culture. In this context, the multicultural policies of many of the region’s governments achieve little when it comes to improving the lives of indigenous peoples. Neoliberal multiculturalism may come to constitute a disciplinary framework deployed against indigenous groups to enforce political and economic demands. This chapter analyzes the ways in which some indigenous communities, namely the Maya in Mexico, the Mapuche in Chile and Afrocolombians on the Pacific coast, deal with and challenge these multicultural politics in their countries. Governmental efforts to promote multiculturalism may result in important limitations, as in the case of ambiguous legal procedures to define who can be represented as part of an indigenous culture. One of the ways indigenous communities (here we took Afrolatinamericans as well as indigenous people) have found to challenge neoliberal intercultural policies is to re-imagine their culture identity through memory and literature. Constructing a discourse of self-recognition as a different “imagined community” from the hegemonic criollo-mestizo group within the territory of the Nation-State they inhabit, they articulate a counter-narrative that not only challenges the infamous narratives about them inherited from the Colonial era, but also challenges those of recent times dictated from above

Definition of the Genus Grammonota (Araneae: Erigonidae), with Descriptions of Seven New Species

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Dondale
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
James Bay ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

Grammonota Emerton, 1882, is one of the many uniform genera that constitute the large and complex family Erigonidae. All of the 28 species and one subspecies recognized by the present writer are American in range, and representatives occur from southwestern Alaska and James Bay in the north to Central America and the West Indies. A few species are arctic-alpine, or are restricted to the Pacific coast, but most occur east of the Rocky Mountains from southern Canada to the Gulf States.

scholarly journals Phosphorus Scavenging in the Unicellular Marine Diazotroph Crocosphaera watsonii

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 1452-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya T. Dyhrman ◽  
Sheean T. Haley
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Phosphate Transport ◽  
Phosphate Binding ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Many ◽  
Crocosphaera Watsonii

ABSTRACT Through the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and photosynthesis, marine diazotrophs play a critical role in the global cycling of nitrogen and carbon. Crocosphaera watsonii is a recently described unicellular diazotroph that may significantly contribute to marine nitrogen fixation in tropical environments. One of the many factors that can constrain the growth and nitrogen fixation rates of marine diazotrophs is phosphorus bioavailability. Using genomic and physiological approaches, we examined phosphorus scavenging mechanisms in strains of C. watsonii from both the Atlantic and the Pacific. Observations from the C. watsonii WH8501 genome suggest that this organism has the capacity for high-affinity phosphate transport (e.g., homologs of pstSCAB) in low-phosphate, oligotrophic systems. The pstS gene (high-affinity phosphate binding) is present in strains isolated from both the Atlantic and the Pacific, and its expression was regulated by the exogenous phosphate supply in strain WH8501. Genomic observation also indicated a broad capacity for phosphomonoester hydrolysis (e.g., a putative alkaline phosphatase). In contrast, no clear homologs of genes for phosphonate transport and hydrolysis could be identified. Consistent with these genomic observations, C. watsonii WH8501 is able to grow on phosphomonoesters as a sole source of added phosphorus but not on the phosphonates tested to date. Taken together these data suggest that C. watsonii has a robust capacity for scavenging phosphorus in oligotrophic systems, although this capacity differs from that of other marine cyanobacterial genera, such as Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus, and Trichodesmium.

scholarly journals How skilful communication won the real story: A Timor-Leste theatre of intimidation, retrospective and ‘Anti-News’

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Max Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Keynote Address ◽  
Experimental Film ◽  
The Real ◽  
Film Maker ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
20Th Anniversary ◽  
The Many

This is an extract from a keynote address by film maker and journalist Max Stahl, director of the Centro Audiovisual Max Stahl Timor-Leste (CAMSTL), at the 20th anniversary conference of Pacific Journalism Review in November 2014. Stahl screened the first part of an ‘experimental’ film, The Reconciliation—a kind of ‘anti-news’—and spoke about his methodology and stylistic approach in achieving something mainstream news, almost by definition, cannot. It tells the deeper story, or the many possible stories according to those actually involved inside the story, of a week in Timor Leste in 1999 prior to its independence from Indonesia. It is challenging. There are no resumés available. It is outside the privileged world of news.Transcript by Hayley Becht.Image: Max Stahl speaking at the Pacific Journalism Review 20th anniversary conference in Auckland in November 2014. Photo by Del Abcede.

Mexico and the Pacific

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward R. Slack
Keyword(s):  
Mexican American ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The South ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Porfirio Diaz ◽  
Mexican American War ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific

Called “Mar del Sur” [South Sea] when first spotted by Balboa in 1513 and dubbed “Mar Pacifíco” [Peaceful Calm Sea] by Ferdinand Magellan in 1520, the historical relationship between the Pacific Ocean and the people of Mexico is multilayered and dynamic. During the Spanish colonial era (1521–1821), the viceroyalty of New Spain (Nueva España) supervised the Asian and Polynesian colonies of the Philippines and Guam (and briefly Taiwan and the Spice island of Ternate) across the Pacific. Acapulco became a mythical emporium of exotic luxury supplied by the galleons from Manila that for 250 years tied Asia to the Iberian New World. Beyond this famous port, littoral native communities dotting the Pacific coast, from Oaxaca in the south to the forty-second parallel of Alta California in the north, gradually fell under Spanish secular and religious control. The enormous coastline measured approximately 5,400 miles, more than double the length of seaside territory facing the Gulf of Mexico. Following the War of Mexican Independence (1810–1821), the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) emerged. For the next fifty years, Mexico experienced domestic political instability exacerbated by wars against the United States (Mexican-American War, 1846–1848) and France (1862–1867). When political order was finally established under the regime of Porfirio Díaz (1876–1910), regionalism was confronted by the centrifugal power of a modernizing, technocratic state. Despite losing 840 miles of California coastline, and a lucrative trade route with Manila, in the Mexican-American War, Mexico’s Pacific littoral in the south grew to incorporate the formerly Guatemalan territory of Chiapas, and a new shipping network evolved. Traditional research on pueblos, cities, or states along the Pacific coast emphasizes purely local or regional contexts within the colonial or independent Mexican state; or it is grouped thematically into studies about the galleon trade or California mission settlements. Recent scholarship is encouraging a more balanced approach, accentuating the many threads that wove a rich tapestry of Mexico’s unique relationship with the “Pacific World” (as opposed to the more popular “Atlantic World”); not only in a nationalist framework, but with inter-American and trans-Pacific or global dimensions.

State Formation in Precolonial Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
Nonso Obikili
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
The Many

This chapter explores the history of state formation in Nigeria before the colonial era. It explores the various forms that statehood took and the many different factors which influenced how and when states emerged. The chapter examines the importance of geography and its role in decentralized states, the transition to agriculture and the emergence of the Nok culture, international trade and its role in the Kanem-Bornu empire, the importance of military technology in the rise and eventual fall of the Old Oyo empire, and the importance of the transatlantic slave trade. Using different examples, the chapter discusses the mosaic of states across precolonial Nigeria and explores how these factors could have led to their rise and eventual downfall.

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