Part 1: Chapter 2 Outline History of Geological Research

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brian Harland
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Know How ◽  
Hydrographic Survey ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arctic Exploration ◽  
The Many ◽  
Geological Work ◽  
Geological Research ◽  
Selection Of

Useful records of observations perhaps began in 1596 with Barents' voyage and resulting chart. The many expeditions until the middle of the eighteenth century were primarily for whaling with minor additions to the charts. In 1758 A. R. Martin led a Swedish voyage and in 1773 C. J. Phipps commanded a British naval expedition, the first of several, to seek a northeast passage to the Pacific. They penetrated no further than Spitsbergen and made useful observations. At that time and for many years the British Admiralty was concerned with extensive Arctic exploration. The elaborate nature of these expeditions was not so much designed for scientific purposes as for useful employment for enterprising officers, with ships in numbers no longer needed in the period of naval supremacy after 1805. Hydrographic survey was often the principal achievement. In terms of efficiency and Arctic know-how the early whalers such as Scoresby were superior.1827 may be considered as the year when geological work began, with expeditions from Norway (B. M. Keilhau 1831) and Britain (Capt. Parry, e.g. Horner 1860; Salter 1860). Keilhau, a geologist, visited Edgeoya and Bjornoya. Admiral Parry, Hydrographer of the Navy, wintered on HMS Hecla in Sorgfjorden where further specimens were collected. In 1837 an early Swedish expedition was directed by Loven. Then, 1838 to 1840, the French voyage of La Recherche took place under the Commission Scientifique du Nord (e.g. Robert 1840).Only a selection of the many expeditions in the second half of the century are noted here.

Theology in the Church of England

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Young
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Ecclesiastical History ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Joseph Butler ◽  
Anglican Theology ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Church

The dismissive characterization of Anglican divinity between 1688 and 1800 as defensive and rationalistic, made by Mark Pattison and Leslie Stephen, has proved more enduring than most other aspects of a Victorian critique of the eighteenth-century Church of England. By directly addressing the analytical narratives offered by Pattison and Stephen, this chapter offers a comprehensive re-evaluation of this neglected period in the history of English theology. The chapter explores the many contributions to patristic study, ecclesiastical history, and doctrinal controversy made by theologians with a once deservedly international reputation: William Cave, Richard Bentley, William Law, William Warburton, Joseph Butler, George Berkeley, and William Paley were vitalizing influences on Anglican theology, all of whom were systematically depreciated by their agnostic Victorian successors. This chapter offers a revisionist account of the many achievements in eighteenth-century Anglican divinity.

Le fonti, i metodi e le narrazioni della storia della videoarte in Italia negli anni Settanta

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Parola
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Video Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Many ◽  
Art And Architecture ◽  
Selection Of

This essay derives from the primary need to make order between direct and indirect sources available for the reconstruction of the history of video art in Italy in the seventies. In fact, during the researches for the Ph.D. thesis it became clear that in most cases it is difficult to define, in terms of facts, which of the different historiographies should be taken into consideration to deepen the study of video art in Italy. Beyond legitimate differences of perspectives and methods, historiographical narratives all share similar issues and narrative structure. The first intention of the essay is, therefore, to compare the different historiographic narratives on Italian video art of the seventies, verifying their genealogy, the sources used and the accuracy of the narrated facts. For the selection of the corpus, it was decided to analyze in particular monographic volumes dealing with the history of the origins of video art in Italy. The aim was, in fact, to get a wide range of types of "narrations", as in the case of contemporary art and architecture magazines, which are examined in the second part of the essay. After the selection, for an analytical and comparative study of the various historiography, the essay focuses only on the Terza Biennale Internazionale della Giovane Pittura. Gennaio ’70. Comportamenti, oggetti e mediazioni (Third International Biennial of Young Painting. January '70. Behaviors, Objects and Mediations, 1970, Bologna), the exhibition which - after Lucio Fontana's pioneering experiments - is said to be the first sign of the arrival of videotape in Italy (called at the time videorecording), curated by Renato Barilli, Tommaso Trini, Andrea Emiliani and Maurizio Calvesi. The narration given so far of this exhibition appeared more mythological than historical and could be compared structurally to that of the many numerous beginnings that historiographyies on international video art identify as ‘first’ and ‘generative’. In the first part of the essay the 'facts' related to Gennaio ’70, as narrated by historiography on video art, are compared. In the second part the survey is carried out through some of the direct sources identified during the research, with the aim of answering to questions raised by the comparison between historiographies. Concluding, it is important to underline that the tapes containing the videos transmitted have not been found and seem to have disappeared since the ending of the exhibition. Nevertheless, the deepening of the works and documentation transmitted during the exhibition is possible thanks to other types of sources which give us many valuable information regarding video techniques and practices at the beginning of 1970 in Italy.

Situating Tribes in History: Lessons from the Archives and the Social Sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-476
Author(s):  
Nadav Samin
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Official Records

The tribe presents a problem for the historian of the modern Middle East, particularly one interested in personalities, subtleties of culture and society, and other such “useless” things. By and large, tribes did not leave their own written records. The tribal author is a phenomenon of the present or the recent past. There are few twentieth century tribal figures comparable to the urban personalities to whose writings and influence we owe our understanding of the social, intellectual, and political history of the modern Middle East. There is next a larger problem of record keeping to contend with: the almost complete inaccessibility of official records on the postcolonial Middle East. It is no wonder that political scientists and anthropologists are among the best regarded custodians of the region's twentieth century history; they know how to make creative and often eloquent use of drastically limited tools. For many decades, suspicious governments have inhibited historians from carrying out the duties of their vocation. This is one reason why the many rich and original new monographs on Saddam Hussein's Iraq are so important. If tribes are on the margins of the records, and the records themselves are off limits, then one might imagine why modern Middle Eastern tribes are so poorly conceived in the scholarly imagination.

scholarly journals Italian Office Desk

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Imma Forino
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Know How ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Design ◽  
Italian Design ◽  
Office Furniture ◽  
Selection Of

In Italy the history of modern equipment design has shifted between ‘mass production and one-off’, as architects Gio Ponti and Antonio Fornaroli wrote in an article in the magazine Domus (1948). Starting from this important reflection by the two Italian architects, the article takes into consideration the case study of office furniture.The aim of the article is to identify the cultural landscape of Italian design during the twentieth century, taking into consideration the example of the office desk as fil rouge of the history of design in Italy.The methodology adopted is deductive: starting from the selection of some case studies (desks designed for some elitist furnishings or, vice versa, for serial reproduction) and in relation to the architectural and cultural context in which they were created, some key concepts are deduced in order to understand the progressive adherence of Italian architects to the idea of modernity, and then to the massification of industrial design. New materials and ancient ‘know-how’ have merged into projects that have distinguished the history of design in Italy as original.The conclusion highlights how in the history of Italian office furniture as a multi-faceted history, where elite furniture can become a democratic product, until it becomes part of the contemporary office.

John Bull, Sister Peg, and Anglo-Scottish Relations in the Eighteenth Century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair Raffe
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

This chapter analyses John Arbuthnot’s The History of John Bull (1712), an allegorical satire of the War of the Spanish Succession. As well as introducing the figure of John Bull, who became a recognizable symbol of the English people, Arbuthnot featured Bull’s sister Peg, who represents Scotland. With these characters, Arbuthnot provided an insightful interpretation of the passage of the Anglo-Scottish Union. The chapter goes on to discuss the many eighteenth-century imitators of Arbuthnot’s satire. Few featured Sister Peg or commented on Scotland’s place in the Union. The main exceptions were works by Scots, notably Adam Ferguson’s History of the Proceedings in the Case of Margaret, Commonly called Peg (1761), and other literary works and visual satires of the early 1760s, a time of intense Anglo-Scottish rivalries.

‘Carolina Hat’: Vona Groarke's Lament for Art O'Leary

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Mills Harper
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Domestic Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poetic Voice ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Oral Composition

Vona Groarke's 2008 version of Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill's famous keen for her husband, Chaoineadh Airt Uí Laoghaire, features a poetic voice overtly inflected by Irish, English, and American diction and usage. Groarke's poem emphasizes its status as a textual event in more than one time frame as well as another spatial setting. The other time is multiple, including the many translations and discussions of the lament from its eighteenth-century composition until now. The place is also multiple: it might be Dublin or Manchester, Boston or London, or Wake Forest, North Carolina, where Groarke spends part of every year. This new poem stresses the mobility of Eileen's passionate lament: in Groarke's hands, it becomes a poem of the particular place that manages also, intriguingly, to highlight transnational cultural and linguistic implications. This version, another chapter in the history of a work that begins in the fluidity of oral composition and is repeatedly reworked in translations, emphasizes domestic space as generative as well as excessive, the site of desire. Groarke's poem locates itself both inside and, crucially, outside, a place to which one comes ‘carrying nothing’ in order to find, in a seeming paradox, nonrestrictive structures.

Since the Beginning

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Mary Johnson ◽  
Mary L. Gautier ◽  
Patricia Wittberg ◽  
Thu T. Do
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Origin ◽  
United States Today ◽  
Religious Institutes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Frequent Accompaniment

This chapter traces Catholic international sisters in the history of the United States, from the eighteenth century to the present time. The chapter discusses the primarily European origin of many sisters and religious institutes in the first three centuries of sisters’ immigration, and the Asian, African, and Latin American origin of international sisters’ migration to the United States today. It describes the invitations from some bishops and priests in the United States to some religious institutes, and the sisters’ frequent accompaniment of co-ethnics in this country. It discusses the many educational and healthcare institutions the sisters built in this country, and the ministries they also conducted.

English in a historical perspective – a neglected inheritance?

English Today ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rastall
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
International Communication ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
External Point ◽  
Textual Practices ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of

PAUL RASTALL assesses current issues and possibilities in studying the history of English“…often…in words contemplated singly, there are boundless stores of moral and historic truth, and no less of passion and imagination are laid up – that from these lessons of infinite worth may be derived…”(Richard C. Trench, 1851, 1)When we think of “English today”, a range of issues naturally springs to mind. Principally, they are “synchronic” issues. They can be matters “internal” to linguistic systems, or viewpoints “external” to English considered as a communication system. Externally, we might consider, for example, the diversity of geographical, generational or sociolinguistic varieties, teaching and learning conditions and problems, the political and economic issues arising from the enormous spread of English worldwide. Internally, there are the many questions of phonology, grammar, lexicon, usage and textual practices, which are more directly “linguistic” in the narrow sense. A little less obviously, we can consider issues of the future of English both from the “external” point of view, looking at – for example – the selection of varieties for teaching or international communication purposes, and from the “internal” viewpoint, the “synchronic dynamics” of English, looking at the ways in which English is currently changing or tending to change. All of those matters and others are well covered in English Today.

scholarly journals Peter the Great and Russia’s Growing Interest in the Exploration of the Pacific Ocean, 1711–1722

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Petrov ◽  
Alexey Yermolaev ◽  
Maria Koskina
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Far East ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

This article discusses the reasons for the Russian government’s interest in the exploration of the Pacific frontiers in the early eighteenth century. The authors pay special attention to the expeditions organised before the First Kamchatka expedition. Those expeditions were organised by I. M. Evreinov, F. F. Luzhin, I. Kozyrevsky, Ya. A. Yelchin, and others. The authors clarify which expeditions were organised at the personal order of Peter the Great and study them in the context of the international situation. Special attention is paid to the debatable aspects of the orders of Peter the Great regarding the expeditions of Evreinov and Luzhin. The article is relevant because of the growing attention of researchers to the history of the Far East and the Pacific Ocean. Referring to new materials, the authors revise the opinion existing in the literature on the spontaneity of Peter the Great’s decision to explore the Pacific Ocean. The article provides information on different categories of the Russian population and the diversity of the Russian regions that took part in the exploration of the Pacific. The article demonstrates how the expeditions of 1711 and 1722 contributed to strengthening Russia’s position in the Far East. The authors employ an interdisciplinary approach, using the latest achievements in historical studies, traditional methods (comparative, genetic, the history of state and law) and new approaches (microhistory, historical psychology, the history of everyday life, historical anthropology, and ethnohistory). The study’s main results are the analysis of the projects and direct activities of Russian expeditions to America in the early eighteenth century. The authors also reveal the reasons for government interest in the eastern borders of Russia, which consisted of the country’s imperial status and its international position.

Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen T. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Performance History ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Thirtieth Anniversary ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas stands as the greatest operatic achievement of seventeenth-century England, and yet the work remains cloaked in mystery. The date and place of its first performance cannot be fixed with precision, and the accuracy of the surviving scores cannot be assumed. In this thirtieth-anniversary new edition of her book, Ellen Harris provides a detailed consideration of the many theories that have been proposed for the opera’s origin and chronology. She re-evaluates the surviving sources for the various readings they offer and examines the work’s historical position in Restoration theater. She also offers a detailed discussion of Purcell’s musical declamation and use of ground bass. The final section of the book is devoted to the performance history of Dido and Aeneas from the eighteenth century to the present.

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