Are similes and metaphors interchangeable?

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Romano
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Conceptual Semantic ◽  
Discourse Type ◽  
Opposite Process ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
News Interviews

Abstract Since Aristotle, scholars have regarded similes and metaphors as equivalent figures of speech sharing very similar comprehension, interpretation and usage patterns. By analysing the use of similes in real discourse, the aim of this study is to show that these two analogical figures reflect different cognitive processes, as well as different discursive functions, using as a framework cognitive models. To this end, this work presents, first, the main differentiating features of the two figures existing in the literature. And, second, it analyses 100 natural-occurring similes in English opinion discourse (news, interviews and commentary sections) in order to explain the conceptual-semantic and formal-syntactic factors which explain why similes and metaphors are not interchangeable in the discourse type under study; that is, why metaphors can usually be transformed into similes by adding like, whereas the opposite process seems to depend on specific conditions of structure, use and interpretation.

Implications for neurobiological research of cognitive models of psychosis: a theoretical paper

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1377-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIPPA A. GARETY ◽  
PAUL BEBBINGTON ◽  
DAVID FOWLER ◽  
DANIEL FREEMAN ◽  
ELIZABETH KUIPERS
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Disorder ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Neurobiological Research

ABSTRACTBackgroundCognitive models of the positive symptoms of psychosis specify the cognitive, social and emotional processes hypothesized to contribute to their occurrence and persistence, and propose that vulnerable individuals make characteristic appraisals that result in specific positive symptoms.MethodWe describe cognitive models of positive psychotic symptoms and use this as the basis of discussing recent relevant empirical investigations and reviews that integrate cognitive approaches into neurobiological frameworks.ResultsEvidence increasingly supports a number of the hypotheses proposed by cognitive models. These are that: psychosis is on a continuum; specific cognitive processes are risk factors for the transition from subclinical experiences to clinical disorder; social adversity and trauma are associated with psychosis and with negative emotional processes; and these emotional processes contribute to the occurrence and persistence of psychotic symptoms. There is also evidence that reasoning biases contribute to the occurrence of delusions.ConclusionsThe benefits of incorporating cognitive processes into neurobiological research include more sophisticated, bidirectional and interactive causal models, the amplification of phenotypes in neurobiological investigations by including emotional processes, and the adoption of more specific clinical phenotypes. For example, there is potential value in studying gene×environment×cognition/emotion interactions. Cognitive models and their derived phenotypes constitute the missing link in the chain between genetic or acquired biological vulnerability, the social environment and the expression of individual positive symptoms.

Cognitive Processes Underlying the Behavior Change in Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Childhood Disorders: A Review of Experimental Evidence

1991 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine B. Powell ◽  
Tian P. S. Oei
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Behavior Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Childhood Disorders

While Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been widely used for treatment of childhood disorders, the process underlying the success of CBT in this area is still unclear. This paper attempts to examine empirically the above issue, using the literature from 1974 to 1989 to see whether there is support for the underlying changes in cognitive processes that are assumed to mediate the therapy. The results show that while CBT is relatively effective in treating some childhood disorders, there is little empirical evidence to support the underlying cognitive models of childhood disorders.

scholarly journals Cognitive Modeling in Intelligence Research: Advantages and Recommendations for their Application

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gidon T. Frischkorn ◽  
Anna-Lena Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
General Intelligence

Mathematical models of cognition measure individual differences in cognitive processes, such as processing speed, working memory capacity, and executive functions, that may underlie general intelligence. As such, cognitive models allow identifying associations between specific cognitive processes and tracking the effect of experimental interventions aimed at the enhancement of intelligence on mediating process parameters. Moreover, cognitive models provide an explicit theoretical formalization of theories regarding specific cognitive process that may help overcoming ambiguities in the interpretation of fuzzy verbal theories. In this paper, we give an overview of the advantages of cognitive modeling in intelligence research and present models in the domains of processing speed, working memory, and selective attention that may be of particular interest for intelligence research. Moreover, we provide guidelines for the application of cognitive models in intelligence research, including data collection, the evaluation of model fit, and statistical analyses.

Analyzing Learning Methods in a Functional Environment

2010 ◽  
pp. 52-70
Author(s):  
Alberto de la Encina ◽  
Mercedes Hidalgo-Herrero ◽  
Pablo Rabanal ◽  
Ismael Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Programming Environment ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Graphical Information

Developing cognitive programs is a complex task. Thus, special purpose languages can help developing such systems. This chapter presents a programming environment to help studying the behavior of cognitive models. This environment allows to easily define new cognitive processes, it simplifies the methods to interconnect them, and it also provides graphical information to analyze how a complex cognitive system is evolving. Moreover, it also includes observation facilities, so that the user can analyze the internal behavior of each of the cognitive entities appearing in the system. The authors illustrate the usefulness of their system by using several examples within the chapter.

Appreciation Modes in Empirical Aesthetics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Reber
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Deep Level ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Recent Model ◽  
Aesthetic Appreciation ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
Aesthetic Pleasure ◽  
Final Mode

There are three main modes of appreciation of aesthetic objects. The first is the appreciation of aesthetic pleasure, most often beauty. A simple account of the experience of beauty is the fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure. A more complex account assumes that there are two levels of aesthetic pleasure, a shallow one based on low-level experiences like fluency, and a deep level where disfluency leads to interest. The second mode of appreciation pertains to emotions experienced in response to an artwork, as illustrated by the distancing–embracing model of aesthetic emotions. The final mode of appreciation includes understanding an artwork. Cognitive models of artistic understanding assume that processes of perception, memory, and interpretation determine cognitive mastery. From the humanities tradition, cognitive models have been criticized because they neglect the historical context of the creation of the artwork as an objective component to understanding. A recent model combines art-historical context with cognitive processes and claims that such artistic understanding is essential to aesthetic appreciation.

scholarly journals Reality-monitoring deficits and visual hallucinations in schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Mondino ◽  
Clément Dondé ◽  
Layla Lavallé ◽  
Frédéric Haesebaert ◽  
Jérôme Brunelin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
External Source ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Reality Monitoring ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
Sensory Modalities

Abstract The presence of visual hallucinations in addition to auditory hallucinations (V + AH) is associated with poor prognosis in patients with schizophrenia. However, little consideration has been given to these symptoms and their underlying cognitive bases remain unclear. Based on cognitive models of hallucinations, we hypothesized that V + AH are underpinned by an impairment in reality-monitoring processes. The objective of the present study was to test whether reality-monitoring deficits were associated with V + AH in schizophrenia. This study examined reality-monitoring abilities in two groups of patients with schizophrenia: a group of patients with V + AH (n = 24) and a group of patients with AH only (n = 22). Patients with V + AH were significantly more likely to misremember imagined words as being perceived from an external source, compared to patients with AH only (p = 0.008, d = -0.82). In other words, V + AH patients display a larger externalization bias than patients with AH only. One explanation for these results could be that experiencing hallucinations in two sensory modalities may contribute to increased vividness of mental imagery and, in turn, lead to disruption in reality-monitoring processes. This study helps to refine our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying the presence of both auditory and visual hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Global coherence in younger and older adults: Influence of cognitive processes and discourse type

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Harris Wright ◽  
Anthony D. Koutsoftas ◽  
Gilson J. Capilouto ◽  
Gerasimos Fergadiotis
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Global Coherence ◽  
Discourse Type

Cognitive Models of Design Ideation

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noe Vargas Hernandez ◽  
Jami J. Shah ◽  
Steven M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
Human Problem ◽  
Design Ideation

The objective of this paper is to present a series of proposed cognitive models for specific components of design ideation. Each model attempts to explain specific cognitive processes occurring during ideation. Every model presented here is constructed with elements (i.e. cognitive processes) and theories available from cognitive psychology, human problem solving, mental imagery, and visual thinking. Every model in turn is an element of a higher-level cognitive model of design ideation. These models provide a better understanding of the components involved during ideation and their relationships.

Cognitive Processes during Instrument Landing

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1216-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Higgins ◽  
Mark H. Chignell
Keyword(s):  
Expert Systems ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Flight Simulator ◽  
Display Design ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Verbal Instructions ◽  
Pilot Behavior

Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the cockpit require a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes of the pilot. This paper describes ongoing research concerned with developing cognitive models of pilot behavior that can support the development of expert systems and machine reasoning within the cockpit. An experiment is reported where the behavior of pilots within a flight simulator is observed. Verbal instructions given by the controlling pilot in a “division of labor” task are used to identify salient features of pilot cognitive models of the task. The results of this experiment are interpreted in terms of their implications for the development of future expert systems within the cockpit. Continued research on the cognitive models used by pilots should permit the development of a knowledge base that will assist display design, training programs, and research on mental workload within the cockpit.

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