Appreciation Modes in Empirical Aesthetics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Reber
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Deep Level ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Recent Model ◽  
Aesthetic Appreciation ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
Aesthetic Pleasure ◽  
Final Mode

There are three main modes of appreciation of aesthetic objects. The first is the appreciation of aesthetic pleasure, most often beauty. A simple account of the experience of beauty is the fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure. A more complex account assumes that there are two levels of aesthetic pleasure, a shallow one based on low-level experiences like fluency, and a deep level where disfluency leads to interest. The second mode of appreciation pertains to emotions experienced in response to an artwork, as illustrated by the distancing–embracing model of aesthetic emotions. The final mode of appreciation includes understanding an artwork. Cognitive models of artistic understanding assume that processes of perception, memory, and interpretation determine cognitive mastery. From the humanities tradition, cognitive models have been criticized because they neglect the historical context of the creation of the artwork as an objective component to understanding. A recent model combines art-historical context with cognitive processes and claims that such artistic understanding is essential to aesthetic appreciation.

Are similes and metaphors interchangeable?

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Romano
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Conceptual Semantic ◽  
Discourse Type ◽  
Opposite Process ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
News Interviews

Abstract Since Aristotle, scholars have regarded similes and metaphors as equivalent figures of speech sharing very similar comprehension, interpretation and usage patterns. By analysing the use of similes in real discourse, the aim of this study is to show that these two analogical figures reflect different cognitive processes, as well as different discursive functions, using as a framework cognitive models. To this end, this work presents, first, the main differentiating features of the two figures existing in the literature. And, second, it analyses 100 natural-occurring similes in English opinion discourse (news, interviews and commentary sections) in order to explain the conceptual-semantic and formal-syntactic factors which explain why similes and metaphors are not interchangeable in the discourse type under study; that is, why metaphors can usually be transformed into similes by adding like, whereas the opposite process seems to depend on specific conditions of structure, use and interpretation.

scholarly journals Critique. Division. An Archaeology of Separation and a Salvaging Etymology

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-151
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Trzeciak ◽  
Jakob Ziguras
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Aesthetic Autonomy ◽  
Aesthetic Pleasure ◽  
Ultimate Source ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Widespread Interest

The goal of this essay is twofold: firstly, it is a description a post-critical tendency within the contemporary, Anglo-American humanities; secondly, it presents propositions which broaden the boundaries current in the post-critical current, which lead to the replacement of critical sci-entificity with an affirmation of everyday readerly affects. The claims regarding the rejection of a criticism based on suspicion, formulated by, among others, Rita Felski, accentuate the elite character of reading, the goal of which is the unveiling of the economico- political entan-glement of the text as a product of historical reality. The distrust towards the surface of the text and the illusion of aesthetic autonomy, central for cultural studies, raised the critical atti-tude to the rank of an activity that is revelatory and privileged. The opponents of an unmask-ing criticism underline its limitations—unmasking reveals the ultimate source of every cultural production, the logic of capitalism, the total character of which leaves no chance for change. In defense of change, and in the hope of restoring to literature a widespread interest, there appear tendencies which bring back the individual experience of reading, the basis of which is to be aesthetic pleasure, freed from the historical context and its determinants. In the article, examples of such tendencies will be pointed out, as also will be their consequences caused by the elevation and universalisation of non-professional reading. The rejection of the political task of criticism leads to the questioning of its anti-systemic potential; in turn, the apotheosis of suspicion paralyses the postulative dimension of criticism. For this reason, in the last part of the essay, I propose going beyond oppositional con ceptualisations in the direction of a criti-cism that is situated and material, and whose model, in my rendering, is subordi nated knowledge.

Homo Informaticus

2014 ◽  
pp. 34-66
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
External Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Learning Types ◽  
Knowledge Memory

This chapter discusses the concept of homo informaticus—the individual organization member framed in the IVO perspective. Homo informaticus is a cognitive microcosm that performs complex cognitive processes, engages in decision making and satisfying of informing needs, and designs and evaluates information systems (IS). Discussed are cognitive processes of thinking, feeling, perceiving, memorizing/memory recalling, and learning. These cognitive processes are involved in the fundamental informing process that starts with perception of external data, continues with applying knowledge to data, and ends with inferring information (meaning). The perspective of key cognitive processes enriches the informing model: perception is driven by previous knowledge, memory retrieval is engaged, and thinking is an overall driver, engaging both ratio and emotions. The discussion addresses cognitive limitations. Memory is limited in volume and content, perception is prone to illusions, and thinking is susceptible to biases. These limitations influence the outcomes of informing (information created) and learning (knowledge acquired). Decision making is affected as well, as indicated in its various models that reveal non-rational aspects. It is argued that homo informaticus is subject to informing (information) needs and actively seeks to satisfy them. Several models addressing this topic are examined. The chapter also covers cognitive and learning types that can be used for understanding the diversity characterizing homo informaticus. Karl Jung's typology is coupled with the dimensions of data scope, location, and processing mode. Kolb's learning styles are discussed in turn. Furthermore, the system evaluation capability of homo informaticus is demonstrated in the context of system adoption models. Finally, the system design capability is discussed in the historical context of Scandinavian experience.

The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychosocial Treatment ◽  
Premorbid Personality ◽  
Treatment Approaches

Mood disorders are a pressing societal problem, with depression alone now constituting a leading cause of disability in Western Europe and the United States. In the most comprehensive volume of its kind, the Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders provides detailed coverage of the characterization, understanding, and treatment of mood disorders. Chapters are written by the world’s leading experts in their respective areas. The Handbook provides coverage of unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and variants of these disorders. Current approaches to classifying the mood disorders are reviewed, and contemporary controversies are placed in historical context. Chapter authors offer a variety of approaches to understanding the heterogeneity of the experiences of those who meet criteria for mood disorders, both within and across cultures. The role of genetic and environmental risk factors as well as premorbid personality and cognitive processes in the development of mood pathology are detailed. Interpersonal, neurobiological, and psychological factors also receive detailed consideration. The volume reviews mood disorders in special populations (e.g., postpartum and seasonal mood disorders) as well as common comorbidities (e.g., anxiety, substance use disorders). Somatic and psychosocial treatment approaches receive in-depth coverage with chapters that describe and review empirical evidence regarding each of the most influential treatment approaches. The depth and breadth offered by the Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders make it an invaluable resource for clinicians and researchers, as well as for scholars and students.

Implications for neurobiological research of cognitive models of psychosis: a theoretical paper

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1377-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIPPA A. GARETY ◽  
PAUL BEBBINGTON ◽  
DAVID FOWLER ◽  
DANIEL FREEMAN ◽  
ELIZABETH KUIPERS
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Disorder ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Neurobiological Research

ABSTRACTBackgroundCognitive models of the positive symptoms of psychosis specify the cognitive, social and emotional processes hypothesized to contribute to their occurrence and persistence, and propose that vulnerable individuals make characteristic appraisals that result in specific positive symptoms.MethodWe describe cognitive models of positive psychotic symptoms and use this as the basis of discussing recent relevant empirical investigations and reviews that integrate cognitive approaches into neurobiological frameworks.ResultsEvidence increasingly supports a number of the hypotheses proposed by cognitive models. These are that: psychosis is on a continuum; specific cognitive processes are risk factors for the transition from subclinical experiences to clinical disorder; social adversity and trauma are associated with psychosis and with negative emotional processes; and these emotional processes contribute to the occurrence and persistence of psychotic symptoms. There is also evidence that reasoning biases contribute to the occurrence of delusions.ConclusionsThe benefits of incorporating cognitive processes into neurobiological research include more sophisticated, bidirectional and interactive causal models, the amplification of phenotypes in neurobiological investigations by including emotional processes, and the adoption of more specific clinical phenotypes. For example, there is potential value in studying gene×environment×cognition/emotion interactions. Cognitive models and their derived phenotypes constitute the missing link in the chain between genetic or acquired biological vulnerability, the social environment and the expression of individual positive symptoms.

Specific Writing Disabilities in Intellectually Gifted Children

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl M. Yates ◽  
Virginia W. Berninger ◽  
Robert D. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Text Generation ◽  
Writing Performance ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Writing Processes ◽  
Writing Disabilities

To determine whether some gifted children may have specific writing disabilities, we compared 10 gifted and 10 average children in grades 1 through 6 (N = 120). The primary question addressed was whether gifted writers exhibit more advanced skills than their average-IQ peers in both higher level cognitive writing processes (as manifested in quality of text generation) and lower level writing processes (as manifested in transcription), or solely at one of those levels. Results supported our hypothesis that gifted and average children differ in higher level cognitive processes but not in lower level processes in writing. Poor writing performance in gifted students may reflect low-level transcription deficits and is not necessarily the result of laziness, boredom, or lack of motivation as is often believed. Implications of this research for identifying writing-related learning disabilities in gifted students are discussed.

Cognitive Processes Underlying the Behavior Change in Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Childhood Disorders: A Review of Experimental Evidence

1991 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine B. Powell ◽  
Tian P. S. Oei
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Behavior Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Childhood Disorders

While Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been widely used for treatment of childhood disorders, the process underlying the success of CBT in this area is still unclear. This paper attempts to examine empirically the above issue, using the literature from 1974 to 1989 to see whether there is support for the underlying changes in cognitive processes that are assumed to mediate the therapy. The results show that while CBT is relatively effective in treating some childhood disorders, there is little empirical evidence to support the underlying cognitive models of childhood disorders.

scholarly journals Non-conventional figurative language as aesthetics of everyday communication

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Wimmer ◽  
Ursula Christmann ◽  
Elisabeth Ihmels
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Aesthetic Appreciation ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Rhetorical Figures ◽  
Aesthetic Pleasure ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Everyday Communication

This study focuses on the emotional aesthetic appreciation of figurative language, a dimension which has often been neglected in experimental psycholinguistics. Our goal was to demonstrate that non-conventional figurative utterances are evaluated as more aesthetically pleasing although they are cognitively more demanding than conventional rhetorical figures. This hypothesis was tested for three main types of figurative language (metaphors, irony and idioms) in three separate surveys. Participants assessed utterances by means of a questionnaire which comprised several semantic differential items. The postulated covariation of non-conventionality and cognitive effort as well as of non-conventionality and aesthetics could be clearly established for metaphors and for irony. For idioms we could only partially provide this evidence. However, in a combined sample for all figurative language forms (compiled from the three studies) the main hypothesis was again confirmed. Thus, the results demonstrate that non-conventional variants of figurative language must be considered as the core of figurative aesthetics. Furthermore, our exploratory data gave evidence of an aesthetic paradox: the cognitive costs of understanding conventional figurative language reduce aesthetic pleasure, while in the case of non-conventional rhetoric figures the enhanced cognitive effort is accompanied by an increase in aesthetic pleasure.

scholarly journals Cognitive Modeling in Intelligence Research: Advantages and Recommendations for their Application

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gidon T. Frischkorn ◽  
Anna-Lena Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
General Intelligence

Mathematical models of cognition measure individual differences in cognitive processes, such as processing speed, working memory capacity, and executive functions, that may underlie general intelligence. As such, cognitive models allow identifying associations between specific cognitive processes and tracking the effect of experimental interventions aimed at the enhancement of intelligence on mediating process parameters. Moreover, cognitive models provide an explicit theoretical formalization of theories regarding specific cognitive process that may help overcoming ambiguities in the interpretation of fuzzy verbal theories. In this paper, we give an overview of the advantages of cognitive modeling in intelligence research and present models in the domains of processing speed, working memory, and selective attention that may be of particular interest for intelligence research. Moreover, we provide guidelines for the application of cognitive models in intelligence research, including data collection, the evaluation of model fit, and statistical analyses.

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