New villagers: motives and factors for moving from urban to rural areas

In developed countries, along with urbanization, the opposite process - ruralization or deurbanization - is becoming increasingly noticeable. Ruralization is not only the movement of townspeople to the countryside, but also the development of villages and the increasing importance of rural areas as a place to live and work. Townspeople make the decision to move by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of living in urban and rural areas, and non-economic motives (the desire to get closer to nature, to find ones roots, to live in silence, without haste, to eat natural products, etc.) play an important role in this decision. Among economic motives, the difference in the cost of urban and rural real estate and of life in general is the most important motive, i.e., families, especially young and large, can improve their living conditions by moving to the countryside. The study, the results of which are presented in the article, aimed at identifying those groups of townspeople that tend to resettlement, their motives, and factors pushing people to leave cities and facilitating/hindering resettlement to rural areas. The research is based on the study of special literature on the topic and on the data of the survey of resettled townspeople and experts in ruralization. Unlike most publications on ruralization, the author focuses on the positive aspects of the resettlement of townspeople to the countryside and insists on the removal of administrative barriers that prevent ruralization, because the resettlement of townspeople to the countryside does not have a negative impact on the city and is compensated by the influx of people from the countryside, who want to get education or a new profession.

CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE DIDACTIC TERMS IN LINE WITH THEIR LEXICO-SEMANTIC STRUCTURE

The article deals with the characterization of terminological units from the aspects of lexico-semantic structures which are specific for all their semantic features due to the means of linguistic approaches. The main semantic properties of terminological units of language didactics can be studied using linguistic analysis. The criteria could be defined as following: 1) terms which are formed by lexico-semantic ways; 2) polysemantic terms; 3) terms – synonyms; 4) terms – antonyms. Semantic changes in the formation of terms owing to their polysemantic features and relationships of meanings may be found through the context. The main processes of formation and dynamic development of the terminological system of this science have been investigated thanks to materials of the English, Russian and Uzbek languages. However, it is important to define the role of a national context in the development of the terminology system of language didactics undertaking cross-cultural analysis, existing problems of comparative study of terminology, and searching relevant terms in the Russian and Uzbek languages. Semantic development of a term improves general meaning belonging to a term and changes according to its forms. However, functioning sphere of a term connects constantly developing scientific opinions for improving notions in the field of linguistics. There are a number of absolute synonyms among terms, given that it is possible to remove doubling in the subsystem or using semantic differentiation for the nomination of new conceptions. Differentiation of synonymic microsystem as opposite process of fusing a separate terminological micro-system, so another microsystem serves for determining a developing special vocabulary in all its historical sections. As a result of it there occurs the fusion of lexico-semantic variants of a single term, introduced in the integrating subsystem, but another subsystem which combines all similarity features of components of the lexical unit, transfers into poly-semantic lexical unit. The aim of the research is to improve the necessity of defining the main factors and sources of the formation and dynamic development of terminological units of this science and their usage in different socio-cultural contexts, including specific features and differences in the expansion of terms of the language didactics according to corresponding culture.

Sex Maintenance in Mammals

The crucial event in mammalian sexual differentiation occurs at the embryonic stage of sex determination, when the bipotential gonads differentiate as either testes or ovaries, according to the sex chromosome constitution of the embryo, XY or XX, respectively. Once differentiated, testes produce sexual hormones that induce the subsequent differentiation of the male reproductive tract. On the other hand, the lack of masculinizing hormones in XX embryos permits the formation of the female reproductive tract. It was long assumed that once the gonad is differentiated, this developmental decision is irreversible. However, several findings in the last decade have shown that this is not the case and that a continuous sex maintenance is needed. Deletion of Foxl2 in the adult ovary lead to ovary-to-testis transdifferentiation and deletion of either Dmrt1 or Sox9/Sox8 in the adult testis induces the opposite process. In both cases, mutant gonads were genetically reprogrammed, showing that both the male program in ovaries and the female program in testes must be actively repressed throughout the individual’s life. In addition to these transcription factors, other genes and molecular pathways have also been shown to be involved in this antagonism. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the genetic basis of sex maintenance once the gonad is already differentiated.

QURAQLIQ - MƏHSULDARLIQ ƏLAQƏLƏRİNİN TƏDQİQİ

The increase in temperature is accompanied by a decrease in precipitation in some regions of the globe, an increase in the frequency of droughts. In this case, of course, the threat of a decline in agricultural productivity is inevitable. Of course, in some regions, the opposite process can occur, ie it can lead to an increase in temperature, increased precipitation and a decrease in the tendency of droughts. In this case, productivity increases. The article clarifies the factors that affect the increase and decrease of productivity. Keywords: trend, angle coefficient, drought, productivity

Mitochondrial Dynamics: Molecular Mechanisms, Related Primary Mitochondrial Disorders and Therapeutic Approaches

Mitochondria do not exist as individual entities in the cell—conversely, they constitute an interconnected community governed by the constant and opposite process of fission and fusion. The mitochondrial fission leads to the formation of smaller mitochondria, promoting the biogenesis of new organelles. On the other hand, following the fusion process, mitochondria appear as longer and interconnected tubules, which enhance the communication with other organelles. Both fission and fusion are carried out by a small number of highly conserved guanosine triphosphatase proteins and their interactors. Disruption of this equilibrium has been associated with several pathological conditions, ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration, and mutations in genes involved in mitochondrial fission and fusion have been reported to be the cause of a subset of neurogenetic disorders.

Ecological role of homeless dogs in anthropogenic territories

The article presents materials of long-term observations for homeless dogs in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Dogs that have passed the path of their domestication are currently showing the opposite process - feralization. According to unofficial data, there are tens of thousands of stray animals in Kazan alone. As the dominant land-based predators, and not only in cities, but also in the suburbs of settlements, they pose a threat to biodiversity in various ecosystems. Stray dogs are indicated as a limiting factor for the large jerboa and speckled ground squirrel included in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Man in the Context of the Transition from Technogenic Civilization to Post-culture (Notes of the Methodologist and Cultural Scientist)

The concept of technogenic civilization currently needs to be rethought both in connection with the completion of the modern project and the crisis of modernity itself, and the formation of a new culture (post-culture). Technogenic civilization is a more complex concept than just scientific and technological development, it includes both F. Bacon’s project of mastering nature, and the formation of social institutions that accompany and support this project, and now, the requirement to minimize the negative consequences of scientific and technological development, as well as proposals for updating the semantic project of culture based on modern technologies. If, during the formation of a technogenic civilization, the requirements of independence and initiative were imposed on a person in terms of cognition of nature and market behavior, and vice versa, obedience to law and social norms, then today we can only observe trends in human transformation. There are several of them: differen­tiation of different types of a person in connection with different cultures and processes of socialization; blurring of certainty of boundaries and anthropo­logical realities (constants); the opposite process of anthropological averaging due to globalization and the Internet; isolation up to the isolation of different ways of life of a modern person; adaptation for an indefinite period of time of a person to catastrophic living conditions and new ethical principles, etc. It can be assumed that the transformation of a person will be seriously in­fluenced by projects for mankind’s exit from the modern crisis, especially the project to save our civilization. But in general, we are not talking about one tendency and processes of transformation of civilization and man, but about several, mutually influencing each other.

The Werewolf, Inside and Out

Ancient werewolf thinking was strongly articulated in accordance with an axis between an inside and an outside, in three ways. First, the werewolf was often understood as a combination of an outer carapace and an inner core: more often the human element formed the carapace, and the lupine element the core, but the opposite arrangement could also obtain. Usually the humanoid carapace was identified, awkwardly, with the werewolf’s human clothing, and the wolf was revealed once this was shed; but sometimes, perhaps, the wolf could be more deeply buried within, as in the cases of those, like Aristomenes, that boasted a hairy heart. The inner and outer form could be pinned together, as it were, by an identifying wound; it is also possible that the belief that a wound could force a werewolf back into human form existed already in the ancient world. Secondly, a werewolf transformation, in either direction, could be effected by the taking of a foodstuff within the body: a man could be transformed into a werewolf by eating an (enchanted?) piece of bread, or the food most appropriate to a wolf, human flesh; he could be transformed back into a man either by abstinence from human flesh or by the equal-and-opposite process of eating a wolf’s heart. And, thirdly, it was the impulse of the werewolf, when transformed from man to wolf, to make a bolt from the inner places of humanity and civilisation for the outer places of the wilderness and the forest.

De la fragmentación de las estructuras criminales a una proto-mafia: un análisis del Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) en Sudamérica

This article examines how the Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) is structured as a particular model of criminal organization in South America, between what could be labelled as a third generation cartel and a proto-mafia. After the end of Colombian cartels, criminal organizations had to change the way they were structured. These changes resulted in a marked fragmentation that generated a multiplicity of small organizations in South America that managed to enter the drug trafficking market, driven by the “democratization” of cocaine. However, in the last decade Brazil has seen the opposite process. While in Latin America there was a shift from concentration to fragmentation - from the existence of cartels to the proliferation of a large number of small criminal structures - in Brazil, the PCC has ceased to be fragmented to concentrate and multiply its power, based on its presence and strength throughout the national territory, but also thanks to its transnationalization towards drug-producing countries such as Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru. The article examines if we are facing the emergence of a new generation of criminal structures, which perceive themselves as transnational companies and which adopt a different form than traditional cartels, much more flexible and capable of adapting to change, which makes them similar to a mafia, although they have not yet established themselves as such.