The phraseology of wine and olive oil tasting notes

Terminology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén López Arroyo ◽  
Lucía Sanz Valdivieso

Abstract Specialized genres are bound to the communicative context of their discourse community. However, certain genres extend beyond one specific domain, remaining unchanged at different linguistic levels across domains. That seems to be the case of wine and olive oil tasting notes since both analyze and evaluate sensory descriptions. The present study aims at describing and comparing lexical chunks of wine and olive oil tasting notes at a semantic level to show if there is variation in the same genre across domains; we will not only describe, classify and compare lexical chunks, but also identify the way this knowledge is structured and construed in the same genre in both domains. We will test our methodology in a corpus of English tasting notes from both genres written by three different writer profiles: professionals, amateurs and wineries/mills. Our results will be useful for scholars as well as technical writers when writing tasting notes.

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-127
Author(s):  
Sonia Montero Gálvez

The present paper addresses the contrast between the definite article (el/la/los/las) and the indefinite article (un/a/os/as) from a cognitive approach that not only poses a single meaning for each kind of article, but also highlights the pragmatic (or contextual) aspects that underlie that meaning and establish the use of one form or another. The article’s meaning is shaped by the way we conceptualize the reference: the definite article implies an inclusive reference characterized by the uniqueness of the referent, while the indefinite article implies an exclusive reference characterized by the lack of uniqueness. The possibility to choose one or other way depends on contextual aspects related to the common knowledge shared by the interlocutors, the communicative context (linguistic and situational) and the space (physical or mental) where the referent is located.


1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmond H. Weiss

Complicated documents often affect readers the way computer programs affect computers; technical writers are prone to many of the same serious errors that plague programmers. Among the many principles that writers can learn from programming are: 1) Models save money: it is far more economical to develop detailed outlines and mockups than to improvise from a vague outline. 2) Quality demands maintainability: every complicated document will need frequent revision, and only documents designed for ease of change will be kept current. 3) The trouble is in the interfaces: the procedures and tasks in a manual are not as error-prone as the rules for moving from part to part of the book itself. 4) Readers are subject to the laws of physics: many publication economies produce documents that defy the physical powers of the reader. 5) Communication is control: readers must be prevented from getting lost.


1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-247
Author(s):  
William Dennis Horn

The current job market favors young technical writers who are skilled in the way of the computer both as a subject of writing and as a production tool. In the technical writing classroom students can be exposed to this important technology through assignments that include computerized instruction, word processing, text analysis, artificial intelligence, and communications.


2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 183-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIGUEL PALOMINO

AbstractMeseguer's rewriting logic and the rewriting logic CRWL are two well-known approaches to rewriting as logical deduction that, despite some clear similarities, were designed with different objectives. Here we study the relationships between them, both at a syntactic and at a semantic level. Even though it is not possible to establish an entailment system map between them, both can be naturally simulated in each other. Semantically, there is no embedding between the corresponding institutions. Along the way, the notions of entailment and satisfaction in Meseguer's rewriting logic are generalized.


Author(s):  
David Hernández-Gutiérrez ◽  
Francisco Muñoz ◽  
Jose Sánchez-García ◽  
Werner Sommer ◽  
Rasha Abdel Rahman ◽  
...  

Abstract Natural use of language involves at least two individuals. Some studies have focused on the interaction between senders in communicative situations and how the knowledge about the speaker can bias language comprehension. However, the mere effect of a face as a social context on language processing remains unknown. In the present study, we used event-related potentials to investigate the semantic and morphosyntactic processing of speech in the presence of a photographic portrait of the speaker. In Experiment 1, we show that the N400, a component related to semantic comprehension, increased its amplitude when processed within this minimal social context compared to a scrambled face control condition. Hence, the semantic neural processing of speech is sensitive to the concomitant perception of a picture of the speaker’s face, even if irrelevant to the content of the sentences. Moreover, a late posterior negativity effect was found to the presentation of the speaker’s face compared to control stimuli. In contrast, in Experiment 2, we found that morphosyntactic processing, as reflected in left anterior negativity and P600 effects, is not notably affected by the presence of the speaker’s portrait. Overall, the present findings suggest that the mere presence of the speaker’s image seems to trigger a minimal communicative context, increasing processing resources for language comprehension at the semantic level.


Gesture ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geneviève Calbris

The representation of the concrete world is an abstraction. The elements that are physically pertinent to reality are synthesized in a gestural, schematic and ergonomic representation. Although schematic, this representation is nuanced: the gestural variants are numerous in order to account for the way we cut things: differences in size and configuration of blades as well as in their manipulation in a single or repeated movement. Representing an abstract notion derived from the act itself, gesture evolves towards increasing simplification and integrates the representation of other notions that enrich the first: cf. the semantic nuances supplied by the plane of the hand and the orientation of the palm in order to evoke ‘cut plus division’, ‘cut plus obstacle’, etc. Moreover, on the semantic level one witnesses a process of generalization: the passage from concrete to abstract, and in the abstract world, from one domain to another: the individual knows how ‘trancher / to decide’ and is ‘tranchant / abrupt’. From the physical and symbolic comparison of the gestural variants referring to all kinds of cuts, a common percept emerges: a gap in a continuum, a representative schema explaining the cut as an interruption. The question addressed is: does gesture not directly account for the abstract schema loaded with imagery from diverse perceptual experiences (representation of acts and their results) at the basis of the concept (representation of the notion)?


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Nuobei SHI ◽  
Qin Zeng ◽  
Raymond Lee

In this paper, we proposed a XAI-based Language Learning Chatbot (namely XAI Language Tutor) by using ontology and transfer learning techniques. To facilitate three levels of language learning, XAI Language Tutor consists of three levels for systematically English learning, which includes: 1) phonetics level for speech recognition and pronunciation correction; 2) semantic level for specific domain conversation, and 3) simulation of “free-style conversation” in English - the highest level of language chatbot communication as “free-style conversation agent”. In terms of academic contribution, we implement the ontology graph to explain the performance of free-style conversation, following the concept of XAI (Explainable Artificial Intelligence) to visualize the connections of neural network in bionics, and explain the output sentence from language model. From implementation perspective, our XAI Language Tutor agent integrated the mini-program in WeChat as front-end, and fine-tuned GPT-2 model of transfer learning as back-end to interpret the responses by ontology graph.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Karina Hess Zimmermann ◽  
Graciela Fernández Ruiz ◽  
Andrea Minerva Silva López

ES Para establecer las razones por las que un hablante elige un enunciado irónico por encima de uno literal es necesario evaluar la mente del hablante y su intención al emplear la ironía verbal en un contexto comunicativo específico. Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar la manera en que adolescentes de 12 y 15 años reflexionan sobre las funciones de la ironía verbal en dos tipos de enunciados irónicos: agradecimiento y ofrecimiento. Treinta y dos adolescentes se enfrentaron a diferentes situaciones comunicativas que finalizaban con un enunciado irónico, y mediante un guion de preguntas se indagó sobre las funciones que los participantes atribuían a cada enunciado irónico y sobre el tipo de conocimientos en los que basaban sus reflexiones. Los resultados muestran diferencias debidas a la edad en la cantidad y calidad de las reflexiones presentadas por los participantes. Palabras clave: DESARROLLO LINGÜÍSTICO TARDÍO, IRONÍA VERBAL, REFLEXIÓN METALINGÜÍSTICA, FUNCIÓN DE LA IRONÍA, TEORÍA DE LA MENTE EN To establish the reasons behind a speaker’s choice to use an ironic expression over a literal one, it is necessary to evaluate the speaker’s mind and his/her intention to employ irony in a specific communicative context. Taking this into account, the purpose of this study is to analyse the way in which adolescents ages 12 and 15 reflect on the functions of verbal irony in two types of ironic expressions: ironic thanking and ironic offering. Thirty-two subjects were faced with different communicative situations ending with an ironic remark and were asked about the functions they attributed to each remark and on what sort of knowledge they based their responses. Results show age-based differences in the amount and quality of the reflections presented by the participants. Key words: LATER LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, VERBAL IRONY, METALANGUAGE, FUNCTIONS OF IRONY, THEORY OF MIND IT Per stabilire i motivi che spingono un parlante a usare un enunciato ironico al posto di uno letterale, è necessario valutarne la mente e le intenzioni nell’usare l’ironia verbale in un determinato contesto comunicativo. Con queste premesse, il presente studio si propone di analizzare in che modo adolescenti di 12 e 15 anni riflettono sulle funzioni dell’ironia verbale in due tipi di enunciati ironici: ringraziamento e offerta. Dopo essere stati messi di fronte a diverse situazioni comunicative che si chiudevano con un enunciato ironico, a 32 adolescenti è stato chiesto di rispondere a una serie di domande sulla funzione che ciascuno/a di loro attribuiva a ogni enunciato e di dire in base a cosa avevano optato per quella funzione. I risultati mostrano differenze in base all’età nella quantità e nella qualità delle riflessioni fatte dai/dalle partecipanti. Parole chiave: SVILUPPO TARDIVO DEL LINGUAGGIO, IRONIA VERBALE, RIFLESSIONE METALINGUISTICA, FUNZIONE DELL’IRONIA, TEORIA DELLA MENTE


Fachsprache ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-45
Author(s):  
Belén López Arroyo ◽  
Lucía Sanz Valdivieso

Professionals use language in particular ways, which are usually very accurate and precise, to communicate among themselves. Yet, some professionals, such as those in the olive oil tasting industry, face the problem of describing subjective impressions expressed and interpreted through language. The aim of this paper is the description of the genre and the language of olive oil tasting notes in English, focusing on the ways lexical units combine in order to help those olive oil tasting professionals produce acceptable olive oil tasting notes in English for their discourse community. This has been done using a corpus of olive oil tasting notes originally written in English designed and compiled ad-hoc for this purpose. Word combinations have been analysed from two perspectives: syntactic and grammatical form and function, and lexical semantics. The conclusions of these analyses and their results are intended to be a model upon which olive oil tasting language users can rely to write olive oil tasting notes with an accepted linguistic quality, allowing them to be recognized as part of the genre by the discourse community.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Butt ◽  
Alison Rotha Moore ◽  
Canzhong Wu ◽  
John Cartmill

Abstract Linguistics has embraced the functional and contextual turn but, when building tools for systematic contextual description, we have not made as much use as we could of our own functional traditions. Rather, we have largely relied on the metaphors of law and rule, which do not adequately capture tensions between consistency and variability in how language and context relate to each other. Our aim in this paper is to show the economy and practicality of representing context as a pathway through a network, drawing on the network technique for mapping systems of grammatical choice introduced by Michael Halliday, and on its application to other linguistic strata first offered by Ruqaiya Hasan. The paper begins by outlining why alternative frameworks are needed for describing context-language relations. We then present a contextual network for one specific domain of the Systemic Functional Linguistic notion of Tenor, namely social distance, and use this to explore how different configurations of features of social distance influence the way that traditions of practice are passed on as a specialised legacy in two different professional collaborations. While the kind of context modelling discussed here is in a very early phase of development compared to phonetic, morphological and grammatical description, it has many advantages: contextual networks are paradigmatic in orientation; they help display and theorise metastability in language; they are “ad hoc” in Firth’s positive sense; and they constitute a proposal to be tested against observed behaviour within specific cultural and situational settings.


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