scholarly journals Whole-body albumin mass and distribution in rats fed on low-protein diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Coward ◽  
M. B. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration

1. From 5 weeks of age, control and experimental rats were given diets containing 210 and 31 g protein/kg respectively, and killed for analysis at 0, 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d after the start of the experiment. At these times estimates were made of plasma albumin concentration, plasma volume and total vascular and extravascular albumin mass.2. Plasma albumin concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental animals when compared to controls at 8, 12 and 20 d but plasma volumes (ml/kg body-weight) tended to be greater in the former animals. Total vascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly less in experimental animals compared to controls at 8 and 20 d, but was significantly reduced below values at 0 d only at 20 d.3. Extravascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly lower in experimental animals in comparison with controls at 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d and significantly reduced below values at 0 d at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d.4. Whole-body albumin mass was significantly reduced at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d when compared both with controls killed at the same time and animals killed at 0 d. Measurement of the ratio, extravascular albumin mass: vascular albumin mass indicated a significant redistribution of whole-body albumin mass at 5 and 20 d and mean values for this ratio were always lower in experimental animals than in controls.5. It was concluded that measurement of plasma albumin concentration does not indicate the true extent of whole-body albumin losses in protein deficiency since total vascular albumin mass is, to some extent, maintained at the expense of extravascular albumin mass.

scholarly journals Lowering of plasma triiodothyronine level and sympathetic activity does not alter hypoalbuminaemia in rats fed on a diet of low protein concentration

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lydia Sawaya ◽  
Peter G. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Triiodothyronine

Previous studies have described high plasma triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations and sympathetic activity in rats fed on low-protein diets. The present investigation examined how the nutritional status of rats fed on a low-protein diet was affected when these hormonal changes were reduced by drug administration. The low-protein diet (LP group) prevented growth, reduced plasma albumin levels, elevated plasma T3 concentration, and increased both the weight of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the activity of BAT cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1). Lowering the plasma T3 concentration (with carbimazole; CA group) elevated the plasma insulin concentration, promoted a small increase in the plasma albumin concentration and caused weight gain in comparison with the LP group. Reduction of sympathetic activity (with α-methyl-p-tyrosine; MT group) promoted a small elevation in plasma albumin concentration accompanied by a diminished T3 concentration, BAT weight, and an increase in fat deposition in relation to LP rats. In a second experiment, simultaneous lowering of the plasma T3 concentration and sympathetic activity (CA/MT group) resulted in weight gain associated with elevated plasma insulin concentration and fat deposition and a marked reduction in BAT cytochrome c oxidase activity. However no change in the hypoalbuminaemia was observed. The results of the present study suggest that in spite of the previously described increase in metabolic rate in rats fed on a diet with low-protein concentration when compared with controls, the mechanisms involved in the control of BAT activity and fat deposition seem to be independent of those which cause liver protein depletion and hypoalbuminaemia.

scholarly journals Reasons why hypoalbuminaemia may or may not appear in protein-energy malnutrition

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Coward ◽  
R. G. Whitehead ◽  
P. G. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration

1.Investigations have been carried out in experimentally-malnourished rats in an attempt to explain the reasons for the development of the two main forms of protein-energy malnutrition in children, kwashiorkor and marasmus.2.Isoenergetic diets with values for protein: energy (P:E) of 0.21 (control diet; C) 0.032 (low-protein diet; LP) and 0.005 (very-low-protein diet; VLP) were fed to groups of twenty-six rats either ad lib. or in restricted amounts from 5 weeks of age. Rats were killed at the start of the experiment and 1, 2 and 3 or 4 weeks later. Estimations were made of plasma albumin, insulin, corticosterone and amino acid concentrations and of the total protein content of the gastrocnemius muscles and liver.3.Rats given diet LP ad lib. gained weight slowly and by week 1 plasma albumin concentration was slightly reduced. Rats given diet VLP ad lib. gradually lost weight and plasma albumin concentrations decreased continuously.4.In contrast the major effect of dietary restriction during the first 2 weeks of the experiment was to maintain plasma albumin concentrations at normal values, irrespective of the diet given.5.At later stages, however, when the ‘restricted’ animals had become very severely wasted, albumin concentrations decreased rapidly to values approaching those found in rats given diet VLP ad lib.6.When diets LP and VLP were given ad lib. body protein was proportionally distributed in favour of muscle rather than liver. For ‘restricted’ rats the reverse was true, at least up to the time when plasma albumin concentration began to decrease.7.Plasma corticosterone concentrations increased and insulin concentrations decreased when diets LP and VLP were fed in both an ad lib. and a ‘restricted’ regimen but the effects were significantly greater in the latter situation.8.Ad lib. feeding of diets LP and VLP produced a distorted plasma amino acid pattern resembling that of kwashiorkor, but although dietary restriction resulted in a decrease in total amino acid concentration, the plasma concentration ratio, non-essential amino acids:essential amino acids was virtually unaffected.9.It was concluded that whilst the lower the protein concentration in the diet the greater is the extent of hypoalbuminaemia which develops, dietary restriction with an increase in plasma glucocorticoid concentration and body-wasting can initially delay the development of the hypoalbuminaemia. However, in the final stages of wasting which ensue, low plasma albumin concentrations can appear because of a failure of the mechanisms which had earlier been able to preserve them at normal levels. It is possible that these two separate and distinct routes to hypoalbuminaemia observed in this study may have parallels in human situations in developing countries.

Protein losing enteropathy associated with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infestation and its impact on albumin homoeostasis in rats fed two levels of dietary protein

1986 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Lunn ◽  
C. A. Northrop ◽  
R. H. Behrens ◽  
J. Martin ◽  
M. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Protein Losing Enteropathy ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration

1. Alterations in plasma albumin concentration and gastrointestinal permeability have been investigated in rats infected with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and fed adequate or low protein diets. 2. Infection caused only minor changes in growth and food consumption of well nourished rats but resulted in significant reductions in those fed the low protein diet. 3. Animals in both dietary groups were able to mount an immune response beyond day 10 postinfection (p.i.) which caused expulsion of the parasites, but this was less effective in rats fed the low protein food. 4. Uninfected rats fed the low protein diet had significantly lower plasma albumin concentrations than their well nourished counterparts. Animals of both dietary groups showed a progressive reduction in plasma albumin concentration as the infection developed but values returned towards normal as the parasites were expelled. 5. The reduction in plasma albumin concentration was closely associated with increases in gastrointestinal leakage of plasma protein but losses were far greater in the protein deficiency animals. Beyond day 10 p.i. protein loss decreased in both dietary groups and by day 21 p.i. had returned to normal in well nourished animals but not those fed the low protein diet. 6. Intestinal permeability measured by the lactulose:mannitol ratio technique gave similar results to the protein loss data. Permeability increased as the infection progressed then fell as the worms were expelled but remained above control values in infected protein deficient animals. 7. Overall, animals fed the low protein diet were more severely affected by the parasite than were their well fed counterparts. The data clearly demonstrated that the combined effects of infection and dietary deficiency resulted in a more severe reduction in plasma albumin values than either factor produced alone. The results are discussed with reference to the aetiology of hypoalbuminaemia and kwashiorkor in man.

Protein Deprivation in Primates: III. Cage Activities and Chain-Pulling Behavior of Adult Rhesus Monkeys Maintained on Low-Protein Diets

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1003-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Hill ◽  
Arthur J. Riopelle
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Deprivation ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Three groups of adult female rhesus monkeys, maintained on low-protein diets (.5-gm, 1-gm, and 2-gm protein per kg body weight) were compared with a control group (4-gm protein per kg body weight) on a number of spontaneous cage activities and chain-pulling behavior. Although the deprived animals lost body weight and muscle tissue and they became deficient in essential amino acids and plasma albumin, they maintained their normal posture and continued to move about, vocalize, eat, drink, etc., as such monkeys usually do in their home cages. However, several specific behavioral deficiencies were revealed: reduced face and head movements, fewer eye contacts, and less chain pulling. It was concluded that the level of protein deprivation induced in this study depletes the animals' energy resources and produces a lowered anxiety threshold, so that certain additional behavioral demands cannot be supported even though routine cage activities are not impaired.

scholarly journals Severe protein deficiency induces hepatic expression and systemic level of FGF21 but inhibits its hypothalamic expression in growing rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Moro ◽  
Catherine Chaumontet ◽  
Patrick C. Even ◽  
Anne Blais ◽  
Julien Piedcoq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Deficiency ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

AbstractTo study, in young growing rats, the consequences of different levels of dietary protein deficiency on food intake, body weight, body composition, and energy balance and to assess the role of FGF21 in the adaptation to a low protein diet. Thirty-six weanling rats were fed diets containing 3%, 5%, 8%, 12%, 15% and 20% protein for three weeks. Body weight, food intake, energy expenditure and metabolic parameters were followed throughout this period. The very low-protein diets (3% and 5%) induced a large decrease in body weight gain and an increase in energy intake relative to body mass. No gain in fat mass was observed because energy expenditure increased in proportion to energy intake. As expected, Fgf21 expression in the liver and plasma FGF21 increased with low-protein diets, but Fgf21 expression in the hypothalamus decreased. Under low protein diets (3% and 5%), the increase in liver Fgf21 and the decrease of Fgf21 in the hypothalamus induced an increase in energy expenditure and the decrease in the satiety signal responsible for hyperphagia. Our results highlight that when dietary protein decreases below 8%, the liver detects the low protein diet and responds by activating synthesis and secretion of FGF21 in order to activate an endocrine signal that induces metabolic adaptation. The hypothalamus, in comparison, responds to protein deficiency when dietary protein decreases below 5%.

Analysis of Red Cell Mass and Plasma Volume in Patients With Polycythemia

2005 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mordechai Lorberboym ◽  
Naomi Rahimi-Levene ◽  
Helena Lipszyc ◽  
Chun K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Iodine 125

Abstract Context.—Polycythemia describes an increased proportion of red blood cells in the peripheral blood. In absolute polycythemia, there is increased red cell mass (RCM) with normal plasma volume, in contrast with apparent polycythemia, in which there is increased or normal RCM and decreased plasma volume. In order to deliver the appropriate treatment it is necessary to differentiate between the two. Objective.—A retrospective analysis of RCM and plasma volume data are presented, with special attention to different methods of RCM interpretation. Design.—The measurements of RCM and plasma volume in 64 patients were compared with the venous and whole-body packed cell volume, and the incidence of absolute and apparent polycythemia was determined for increasing hematocrit levels. Measurements of RCM and plasma volume were performed using chromium 51–labeled red cells and iodine 125–labeled albumin, respectively. The measured RCM of each patient was expressed as a percentage of the mean expected RCM and was also defined as being within or outside the range of 2 SD of the mean. The results were also expressed in the traditional manner of mL/kg body weight. Results.—Twenty-one patients (13 women and 8 men) had absolute polycythemia. None of them had an increased plasma volume beyond 2 SD of the mean. When expressed according to the criteria of mL/kg body weight, 17 of the 21 patients had abnormally increased RCM, but 4 patients (19%) had a normal RCM value. Twenty-eight patients had apparent polycythemia. The remaining 15 patients had normal RCM and plasma volume. Conclusions.—The measurement of RCM and plasma volume is a simple and necessary procedure in the evaluation of polycythemia. In obese patients, the expression of RCM in mL/kg body weight lacks precision, considering that adipose tissue is hypovascular. The results of RCM are best described as being within or beyond 2 SD of the mean value.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Energy Partitioning in Two Genetic Groups of Pigs Fed Low-Protein Diets at 130 kg Body Weight

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 4012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Galassi ◽  
Luca Malagutti ◽  
Stefania Colombini ◽  
Luca Rapetti ◽  
Luigi Gallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Protein Diets
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