scholarly journals The availability of lysine in diets for pigs: comparative methodology

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Weaner Pigs

Four experiments were conducted to compare different methods for estimating the availability of lysine in protein feeds. The same feeds were used in all experiments. In the first experiment the apparent digestibility of lysine to the ileum of growing pigs was found to be 0.92, 0.69, 0.73, 0.85, 0.84 and 0.97 for soya-bean meal, cottonseed meal 1, cottonseed meal 2, meat meal, sunflower meal and skim milk respectively. In the second experiment the utilization of lysine (relative to free lysine) for weight gain, as measured in weaner pigs, was found to be 0.68, 0.73, 0.81, 0.86 and 1.00 for cottonseed meal 1, cottonseed meal 2, meat meal, sunflower meal and skim milk respectively. In Expt 3 diets were formulated to contain soya-bean meal, sunflower meal or cottonseed meal 2 with the same available lysine content from the measurements made in Expts 1 and 2. The feed conversion ratios of weaner pigs given these diets were similar for the three sources of protein when the values were adjusted for the differences in digestible dry matter intake. In the fourth experiment isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated with increasing amounts of lysine from synthetic lysine or cottonseed meal 2. The diets were given to weaner pigs and resulted in a curvilinear response to lysine particularly for the cottonseed meal, so that the availability of lysine in cottonseed meal was similar to that of synthetic lysine at low lysine intakes and much lower than synthetic lysine at higher lysine intakes. Possible reasons for the curvilinear responses are discussed.

Digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower, meat and rapeseed meals measured with pigs and poultry

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Green ◽  
T. Kiener
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in foodstuffs for pigs and poultry, and the effects of manufacturing methods, equal quantities of soya-bean meal, sunflower meals [hulled (sunflower meal 1) and dehulled (sunflower meal 2)], meat meals [made with (meat meal 1), and without (meat meal 2), blood added at 250 g/kg meat tissue (wet weights)] and rapeseed meals [seeds heated at 80°C (rapeseed meal 1) or 100°C (rapeseed meal 2)] were mixed with protein-free ingredients. The diets were given to five growing pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses, and, by crop-intubation, to 12 caecectomized and 12 intact cocks. Excreta were collected over 48-h periods. Endogenous excretion was estimated by giving protein-free diets.In the order, soya-bean meal, sunflower meals 1, and 2, meat meals 1, and 2, rapeseed meals 1, and 2, true digestibilities were: with pigs, of nitrogen, 0·81, 0·80, 0·79, 0·64, 0·79, 0·73, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·030), of lysine, 0·84, 0·83, 0·84, 0·65, 0·84, 0·76, 0·72 (s.e.d. 0·032); with caecectomized birds, of nitrogen, 0·92, 0·91, 0·91, 0·66, 0·78, 0·74, 0·75 (s.e.d. 0·018), of lysine 0·92, 0·91, 0·93, 0·62, 0·79, 0·70, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·020); with intact birds, values were similar to those with caecectomized birds for soya-bean, and the sunflower meals, but lesser for meat meals 1 and 2; the solubilities of nitrogen in pepsin were 0·96, 0·92, 0·93, 0·80, 0·89, 0·87, 0·87.Two hundred and eighty pigs (initial live weights 10 kg) were used to compare growth response to free lysine with that to lysine in soya-bean meal and sunflower meal 2. Lysine availabilities, assessed by analyses of regressions of live-weight gain against lysine intake were 0·82 (s.e. 0·12) for soya-bean meal, and 0·82 (s.e. 0·18) for sunflower meal 2.Amino acid digestibilities of the sunflower meals were similar to those of soya-bean meal, and were not influenced by dehulling; values for the rapeseed meals were lower, and unaffected by differences in heating severity; values for the meat meal were reduced by blood addition. Values differed between pigs and poultry, but there was consistency in the extent to which each species discriminated between some foodstuffs. The pepsin test was insensitive. The large standard errors associated with availability values prevented meaningful comparisons with digestibility values.

scholarly journals The utilization by pigs of methionine from five protein concentrates compared with synthetic methionine

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
A. C. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Skim Milk ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Cotton Seed Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies ◽  
Methionine Content

1. Pigs (n 100) between 28 and 56 d of age were given diets containing one of five protein concentrates ad lib.2. The utilization of methionine from the protein concentrates was compared with synthetic methionine.3. Increasing the methionine content of the diets from 1.5 to 2.2 g/kg diet increased the weight gains of the pigs from 61 g/d to 198–292 g/d. The feed conversion efficiencies decreased from 2.56 to 1.34– 1.56.4. The utilization of methionine from the protein concentrates for weight gain, as compared with synthetic methionine, was meat meal A 0.89, meat meal B 0.97, soya-bean meal 1.02, cotton-seed meal 0.87 and dried skim milk 1.04.

Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: isoleucine

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible isoleucine by growing pigs. In the first, the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in cottonseed meal, lupin-seed meal and soya-bean meal was determined in pigs fitted with‘T‘-shaped cannulas. In the second, three isoleucine-deficient diets were formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ digestible energy (DE) with the three protein concentrates contributing the only source of isoleucine in sucrose-based diets. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of isoleucine to confirm that isoleucine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of isoleucine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase were then determined. The apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine in the three protein concentrates (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal 0.68, lupin-seed meal 0.86, soya-bean meal 0.86. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth rates (g/d) and crude protein deposition rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ DE: cottonseed meal 590, 84; lupin-seed meal 613, 87; soya-bean meal 594, 91 (SEM 13.0, 2.9) respectively. The response of pigs to the addition of isoleucine confirmed that isoleucine was limiting in these diets. The proportion of ileal digestible isoleucine retained by pigs given the cottonseed meal (0.65) was slightly lower than that retained by pigs given soya-bean meal (0.73; P < 0.05). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of isoleucine in protein concentrates more closely reflect the proportion of isoleucine that can be utilized by the pig than occurs for other amino acids such as lysine, threonine and methionine.

scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: tryptophan

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The ileal digestibility of tryptophan for growing pigs was determined for cottonseed, meat-and-bone and soya-bean meals. Tryptophan in the food and digesta was measured by two analytical procedures (NaOH hydrolysis and colorimetric estimation (method 1) and LiOH hydrolysis and HPLC determination (method 2)). The results were respectively: cottonseed meal 0.46, 0.81; meat-and-bone meal 0.55, 0.65; soya-bean meal 0.74, 0.90. In the first experiment the values for method 1 were shown to be inapplicable to pigs. In a second experiment three tryptophan-deficient diets (005 g ileal digestible tryptophan/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using values from method 2 for cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan and soya-bean meal respectively as the only sources of tryptophan in the diets. This experiment was terminated after 28 d as overall growth performance of the pigs was very low. A third experiment was conducted in a similar manner to Expt 2 except that the diets were formulated to 0.065g ileal digestible tryptophan/MJ DE and growth responses and tryptophan retention were assessed over the 20–45 kg growth phase. Growth rates (g.d) of the pigs given the three diets were significantly different (P < 0.01): cottonseed meal 393, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan 531, soya-bean meal 437 (SED 39.0). Tryptophan retention (as a proportion of ileal digestible tryptophan intake) was significantly different (P < 0.05): cottonseed meal 0.51, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan 0.49, soya-bean meal 0.41. These results indicate (1) that the colorimetric technique for assessing tryptophan was inapplicable and (2) that ileal digestible values for tryptophan were not suitable for formulating diets containing heat-processed proteins, possibly due to absorption of some of the tryptophan in a form that was non-utilizable, and/or to underestimation of total tryptophan in the protein concentrates.

The crude protein requirement of the early-weaned calf given urea, meat meal or soya bean meal with and without sulphur supplementation

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
H. S. Kang
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYTwo experiments were conducted with 84 male British Friesian calves to estimate their nitrogen and sulphur requirements between 5 and 11 weeks of age. A basal 12 % crude protein (CP) diet was supplemented with meat meal, soya bean meal or urea to 15 or 18 % CP, and with sulphur to reduce the nitrogen to sulphur ratios of the diets to about 10 to 1.The weight gains and feed conversion ratios of the calves given the 12% CP diets were significantly poorer than those of the calves fed on the diets containing 15 or 18% CP, irrespective of the CP supplement used. The supplementation of the urea-containing diets with sulphur caused a significant increase in feed intake and weight gain.The digestibility of nitrogen and dry matter increased with increasing CP content of the diets and was greater for the diets supplemented with urea than for those supplemented with meat meal or soya bean meal. Sulphur additions also increased the nitrogen digestibility. The retention of nitrogen, when corrected for feed intake, was greater in the calves fed on the diets containing 18% CP than in those fed on the 15% and 12% CP diets.The supplementation of the diets with sulphur increased the digestibility of sulphur, its excretion in urine and its retention. The concentration of urea in the blood plasma increased with increasing dietary CP content, and was higher in calves given urea.

scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: methionine

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

An experiment was conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible methionine by growing pigs. Three methionine-deficient diets (0·09 g ileal digestible methionine/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal respectively as the only source of methionine in the diet. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of methionine to confirm that methionine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of methionine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase was then determined. Growth rates (g/d) of pigs given the three diets formulated to 0·09 g ileal digestible methionine/MJ DE were significantly different (P < 0·01): cottonseed meal 411, meat-and-bone meal 442, soya-bean meal 496 (SED 24·6). The response of pigs to the addition of methionine confirmed that methionine was limiting in these diets. Crude protein (N × 6·25) deposited by the pigs (g/d) was significantly higher (P < 0·05) for those given soya-bean meat (61) and meat-and-bone meal (57) relative io cottonseed meal (47; SED 3·3). The proportion of ileal digestible methionine retained by pigs given the three protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0·39, meat-and-bone meal 0·45, soya-bean meal 0·47 (SED 0·019). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of methionine in protein concentrates do not reflect the proportion of methionine that can be utilized by the pig. It appears that, with heat-processed meals, a considerable proportion of the methionine is absorbed in a form(s) that is (are) inefficiently utilized.

scholarly journals Availability of lysine in vegetable protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
L. M. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. The availability of lysine in nine vegetable-protein concentrates was assessed using the slope-ratio assay for growing pigs and rats. Diets were equalized for crude fibre using solka floc to minimize any possible effects of variation in fibre content on availability estimates.2. The availability of lysine in the nine proteins for pigs, using food conversion efficiency (FCE) on a carcass basis as the criterion of response were (proportion of total): cottonseed meal 0.39, lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seed meal no. 10.37, no. 20.65, no. 30.54, no. 40.54, field peas (Pisum sativum) 0.93, peanut (groundnut) meal 0.57, soya-bean meal no. 10.98, no. 2 0.89.3. Estimates of available lysine for rats as assessed by the slope-ratio assay using FCE on a carcass basis were in close agreement with the pig estimates for cottonseed meal (0.35) and soya-bean meal no. 1(0.91) and no. 2(0.89), higher for lupin-seed meals (range 0.70–0.94 with a mean of 0.81) and peanut meal (0.76) and lower for field peas (0.76).4. The differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) or by the direct 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).

Sweet lupin seed meal as a protein source for growing pigs

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Taverner
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYThe growth performance, carcass quality and digestive efficiency of growing pigs were used to compare sweet lupin seed meal (SLSM) to soya bean meal and meat meal as a source of supplementary protein to wheat in diets for pigs, and to study the influence of low levels of lysine and methionine, high levels of crude fibre and oil, and possible toxic factors in SLSM on the use of SLSM in such diets.The growth rate and food utilization of pigs between 20 and 80 kg live weight were in the order soya bean meal > SLSM > meat meal, but only the difference between soya bean meal and meat meal was significant. These feeds did not differ significantly in their effects on the proportion of lean in the ham. Adding lysine to the SLSM diet improved growth performance but adding methionine did not. The digestibility of crude fibre in diets containing SLSM was greater than that in diets containing soya bean meal; the digestible energy contents of SLSM and soya bean meal were 4·13±0·05 and 4·16±0·08 Mcal/kg dry matter, respectively. Pigs fed on a diet containing 27·5% SLSM grew faster but utilized food as efficiently when fed ad libitum as on a restricted scale of feeding. The subcutaneous fat of pigs fed on SLSM had a higher iodine number than that of pigs fed on soya bean meal.

scholarly journals An evaluation of total lysine as a predictor of lysine status in protein concentrates for growing pigs

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
C. E. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Bio Assay

1. Eight protein concentrates were compared on a total lysine basis in lysine-deficient diets for pigs during the 20–45 kg growth phase. Each diet was also supplemented with free lysine to verify that lysine was the first limiting amino acid.2. With fish meal, skim-milk powder, rapeseed meal and soya-bean meal growth rates and feed conversion efficiencies were similar and superior (P < 0.05) to those produced with cottonseed meal, two meat meals and sunflower meal.3. The response to added free lysine confirmed that lysine was the first limiting amino acid in all diets except skim milk, where the growth response was not significant (P < 0.05).4. The growth response of the pigs indicated that the availability of lysine in cottonseed meal, the two meat meals and sunflower meal was reduced by approximately 60% compared to that in the other protein concentrates.5. Rat bio-assay estimates of the availability of lysine in the protein concentrates were in general agreement with those calculated from the response of pigs. There was little relationship between the Silcock estimates for lysine availability for the cottonseed, meat meals or sunflower meal relative to either the rat bio-assay estimates or the response of pigs.

scholarly journals Improvement of phosphorus availability by microbial phytase in broilers and pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. M. Simons ◽  
H. A. J. Versteegh ◽  
A. W. Jongbloed ◽  
P. A. Kemme ◽  
P. Slump ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Availability ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Plant Sources ◽  
Better Than

Techniques have been developed to produce microbial phytase for addition to diets for simple-stomached animals, with the aim to improve phosphorus availability from phytate-P in plant sources. The activity of the crude microbial phytase showed pH optima at pH 5.5 and 2.5. The enzyme was able to degrade phytate in vitro in soya-bean meal, maize and a liquid compound feed for pigs. When microbial phytase was added to low-P diets for broilers the availability of P increased to over 60% and the amount of P in the droppings decreased by 50%. The growth rate and feed conversion ratio on the low-P diets containing microbial phytase were comparable to or even better than those obtained on control diets. Addition of microbial phytase to diets for growing pigs increased the apparent absorbability of P by 24%. The amount of P in the faeces was 35% lower.

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