Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (bacterial canker of kiwifruit).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Loreti ◽  
Jocelyn A Berry
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Material Transfer ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Pandemic Strain ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Infected Plant Material

Abstract Bacterial canker of kiwifruit, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), is a serious threat to kiwifruit production worldwide. At least four related but genetically distinct lineages of Psa are currently known, and more are likely to exist. In 2008, a particularly virulent strain emerged in Italy and spread rapidly to all main global kiwifruit production areas. This strain is variously referred to as the pandemic strain, PsaV or Biovar 3. Different Actinidia species and cultivars show varying susceptibility to Psa, and breeding resistant or tolerant kiwifruit varieties is highly important to the industry. Like all pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae, Psa is present in infected plant material. Transfer of nursery material is a major source of long distance spread, while agronomic techniques such as pruning can contribute to spread within and between orchards. The pathogen can be dispersed in aerosols and can be carried between trees and adjacent orchards in wind-driven rain. Psa is listed on the EPPO Alert List.

scholarly journals An Indigenous Virulent Strain of Erwinia amylovora Lacking the Ubiquitous Plasmid pEA29

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 900-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Llop ◽  
Victoria Donat ◽  
Margarita Rodríguez ◽  
Jordi Cabrefiga ◽  
Lídia Ruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Infected Plant Material

An atypical strain of Erwinia amylovora was isolated near an outbreak of fire blight at a nursery in Spain in 1996. It was obtained from a Crataegus plant showing typical symptoms and was identified as E. amy-lovora by biochemical tests and enrichment-enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay, but not by polymerase chain reaction using primers based on the pEA29 sequence. Nevertheless, with primers from chromosomal regions, the isolate gave the expected amplification band. This strain carries one plasmid of ≈70 kb, with no homology with the 29-kb plasmid common to all pathogenic strains, or with a large plasmid present in some E. amylovora strains. Growth of the strain in minimal medium without thiamine was slower compared with cultures in the same medium with thiamine, a characteristic typical of strains cured of the 29-kb plasmid. Nevertheless, aggressiveness assays on pear, apple, and Pyracantha plants and in immature pear fruit showed that this strain exhibited a virulence level similar to other strains containing pEA29. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation from naturally infected plant material of a pathogenic strain of E. amylovora without pEA29, but with a plasmid of ≈70 kb not previously described.

Cylindrocarpon musae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brayford
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Infected Plant Material

Abstract A description is provided for Cylindrocarpon musae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Musa AAA (Cavendish). DISEASE: Rotting of fleshy roots and rhizomes of banana. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Philippines; North America: Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Panama; South America: Colombia, Ecuador. TRANSMISSION: The fungus probably survives as 'chlamydospores' in soil. Its slimy spores may be dispersed by water. Long distance spread may potentially occur by transportation of infected plant material or contaminated soil.

scholarly journals Detection of Peach latent mosaic viroid by PCR

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 249-251
Author(s):  
P. Ryšánek ◽  
M. Zouhar ◽  
M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid ◽  
Rna Sequences ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The World ◽  
Infected Plant Material ◽  
Sensitive Method

Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) is widespread in peach all over the world. It has never been reported from the Czech Republic. That is why we adapted specific and sensitive method for its detection, PCR, to be able to prove its possible occurrence and for certification purposes. Primers PLMVdR, PLMVdF1 and PLMVdF2 were designed on the basis of published RNA sequences. Products of amplification are 208 and 114 bp long for PLMVdF1 and PLMVdF2, respectively. Four PLMVd isolates from Dr Di Serio (CNR Bari) were used as standards. Potato spindle tuber viroid and Hop latent viroid infected plant material and also healthy material were used to check detection specifity. Both RNA extraction from plant material and PCR were optimalized so that this method of PLMVd detection can also be used for certification purposes.

scholarly journals Multiplex PCR for specific and robust detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum in pure culture and infected plant material

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Adriko ◽  
V. Aritua ◽  
C. N. Mortensen ◽  
W. K. Tushemereirwe ◽  
J. Kubiriba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Robust Detection ◽  
Infected Plant Material

scholarly journals Relationships between kiwifruit bacterial canker disease and kiwifruit productivity

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J. Froud ◽  
N. Cogger ◽  
R.M. Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Productivity Data ◽  
The Relationship

Bacterial canker disease caused by a virulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (PsaV) has affected kiwifruit vines in New Zealand since 2010 This study investigated the association of PsaV with productivity within Hayward and Hort16A varieties PsaV infection status and date of diagnosis for 3309 infected orchards were provided by Kiwifruit Vine Health while Zespri provided productivity data Linear regression models were constructed to determine the relationship between production and PsaV infection in Hayward and Hort16A orchards Results showed a significant relationship between the numbers of weeks PsaV was detected in Hort16A orchards and a reduction in productivity This was likely due to the removal of Hort16A vines or productive areas of canopy in response to the presence of severe symptoms within an orchard A similar significant relationship was also found in Hayward orchards although the reduction in productivity was smaller and took longer to develop than in Hort16A

scholarly journals Potential for dissemination of Phytophthora cinnamomi by feral pigs via ingestion of infected plant material

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Yufa Li ◽  
Nari Williams ◽  
Stanley G. Fenwick ◽  
Giles E. St. J. Hardy ◽  
Peter J. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Feral Pigs ◽  
Infected Plant Material

scholarly journals Modelling the impact and control of an infectious disease in a plant nursery with infected plant material inputs

2016 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 27-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Bate ◽  
Glyn Jones ◽  
Adam Kleczkowski ◽  
Alan MacLeod ◽  
Rebecca Naylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Plant Nursery ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Infected Plant Material

scholarly journals A Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and Differentiation of Populations with Different Geographic Origin

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Balestra ◽  
M. C. Taratufolo ◽  
B. A. Vinatzer ◽  
A. Mazzaglia
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
Chinese Group

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is responsible for severe outbreaks of bacterial canker of kiwifruit currently occurring around the world. Although molecular detection methods have been reported, none provide complete selectivity for this pathovar or discriminate among pathogen haplotypes. Therefore, a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed and validated. The assay was tested on 32 P. syringae pv. actinidiae isolates and 15 non-P. syringae pv. actinidiae strains and correctly assigned P. syringae pv. actinidiae strains to three different haplotypes: a Japanese/Korean group, a European group, and a Chinese group. Two P. syringae pv. actinidiae isolates from New Zealand were found to belong to the Chinese group whereas two other isolates from New Zealand, which were isolated from kiwifruit plants but which do not cause bacterial canker, tested negative. The described PCR assays has a limit of detection of approximately 5 to 50 pg of purified DNA or of 5 × 102 bacteria/PCR and were shown to work with both artificially and naturally infected plant tissues. Thus, the described method represents a suitable tool for detection of P. syringae pv. actinidiae and haplotype attribution, in particular, when testing a high number of samples during surveillance and prevention activities.

scholarly journals Comparative Elimination of Begomoviruses in Cassava Meristems and Axillary Buds

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Adonise F. Valam Zango ◽  
Innocent Zinga ◽  
Régis Dimitri Longué Soupké ◽  
Simplice Prosper Yandia ◽  
Brice Toko Marabana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
The University ◽  
Infected Plant Material

Aim: The production of healthy cuttings from a local cassava cultivar for cassava mosaic control. Study design: The study was carried out at the In Vitro Culture Laboratory using the techniques of thermotherapy and culture of tissues and explants in a specific medium. Place and duration: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Biological and Agronomic Sciences for Development at the University of Bangui, Central African Republic from December 2017 to June 2018. Methodology: A variety of cassava called six-month very susceptible to mosaic was used for this work. The cuttings used were infected by Cassava Mosaic Begomoviruses (CMBs) with high severity. It were subcultured in a room under the heat of 37 ° C to 40 ° C for two weeks. Explants and meristems were taken from the stems and the apices, respectively. These collected materials were treated and seeded on appropriate culture media. After the plants produced in vitro were acclimatized and the leaves were removed to check their phytosanitary state by the PCR technique. Results: The rate of emergence of the acclimatized plants and the expression of the disease on the microplants were evaluated. The results show that 75% of the weaned vitro plants recovered under acclimatization. In addition, the acclimatized plants left growing in the greenhouse for four months remained asymptomatic. Molecular analysis by PCR showed that begomoviruses were not detected on meristem samples unlike samples from stem fragments. Conclusion: The combination of thermotherapy technique associated with the culture of meristems constitutes an effective means useful for the sanitation of infected plant material.

scholarly journals Nanopore sequencing for the detection and the identification of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies and sequence types from naturally infected plant material

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Faino ◽  
Valeria Scala ◽  
Alessio Albanese ◽  
Vanessa Modesti ◽  
Alessandro Grottoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Nanopore Sequencing ◽  
Direct Dna Sequencing ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Infected Plant Material

SummaryXylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a polyphagous gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen that can infect more than 300 plant species. It is endemic in America while, in 2013, Xf subsp. pauca was for the first time reported in Europe on olive tree in the Southern Italy. The availability of fast and reliable diagnostic tools is indispensable for managing current and future outbreaks of Xf.In this work, we used the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) device MinION platform for detecting and identifying Xf at species, subspecies and Sequence Type (ST) level straight from infected plant material. The study showed the possibility to detect Xf by direct DNA sequencing and identify the subspecies in highly infected samples. In order to improve sensitivity, Nanopore amplicon sequencing was assessed. Using primers within the set of the seven MLST officially adopted for identifying Xf at type strain level, we developed a workflow consisting in a multiple PCR and an ad hoc pipeline to generate MLST consensus after Nanopore-sequencing of the amplicons. The here-developed combined approach achieved a sensitivity higher than real-time PCR allowing within few hours, the detection and identification of Xf at ST level in infected plant material, also at low level of contamination.Originality Significance StatementIn this work we developed a methodology that allows the detection and identification of Xylella fastidiosa in plant using the Nanopore technology portable device MinION. The approach that we develop resulted more sensitive than methods currently used for detecting X. fastidiosa, like real-time PCR. This approach can be extensively used for X. fastidiosa detection and it may pave the road for the detection of other tedious vascular pathogens.

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