Deuterophoma tracheiphila. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citrus Aurantium ◽  
Specific Symptom ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Aegean Islands ◽  
Mal Secco ◽  
Whole Tree

Abstract A description is provided for Deuterophoma tracheiphila. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Citrus limon; also Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. medica and rough lemon. DISEASE: Mal secco of Citrus spp., mainly lemon (C. limon). The first, although less specific, symptom of this vascular disease (tracheomycosis) is a sudden wilt and death of the leaves. If infection occurs towards the base of the tree or through the roots collapse is quick and the whole tree is eventually killed. Depending on the pattern of infection wilt may begin in one section or in several parts of the tree. If infection begins in the upper canopy spread of the leaf and branch collapse is much slower. Cuts into the wood (before wilt and death of the bark) reveal the characteristic orange-yellow to reddish discoloration of the vascular tissue. The host epidermal covering over the pycnidia assumes an ashy appearance. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Found in the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas: Algeria, Cyprus, France, Greece (including Crete and the Aegean Islands), Israel, Italy (including Sardinia), Lebanon, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, USSR (Republic of Georgia and Caucasus). Countries in the region that appear free from mal secco are Morocco Portugal and Spain (43, 3223). A record from Colombia (Choco, 46, 3029) probably requires confirmation and one for Uganda should be deleted (CMI Map 155, Ed. 2, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Water-borne from host debris.

OXIDATIVE ENZYME RESPONSES OF SIX CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS INFECTED WITH PHOMA TRACHEIPHILA (PETRI) KANTSCHAVELI AND GIKASHVILI

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
AYDIN UZUN ◽  
UBEYIT SEDAY ◽  
ERCAN CANIHOS ◽  
OSMAN GULSEN
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Phoma Tracheiphila ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Mal Secco

SUMMARYCitrus trees are often exposed to severe infectious diseases. Mal secco caused by Phoma tracheiphila (Petri) Kantschaveli and Gikashvili is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of lemons (Citrus limon Burm. F.). In the present study, antioxidant enzyme activity in different mal secco-resistant and susceptible citrus rootstocks including Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Tan.), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.), Volkameriana (C. volkameriana Tan. and Pasq.), Carrizo citrange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. X C. sinensis L. Osbeck) and trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) was investigated. Possible differences in constitutive levels of these antioxidant enzymes and correlations between enzyme levels and mal secco caused by P. tracheiphila were examined. Among the rootstocks, Cleopatra mandarin was found to be resistant to mal secco, whereas rough lemon, sour orange and trifoliate orange were highly susceptible. Total peroxidase (TPX; EC: 1.11.1.7) activity increased in all infected rootstocks. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC: 1.11.1.11) activity increased in most of the rootstocks and no correlation was found between catalase (CAT; EC: 1.11.1.6) activity and mal secco resistance. This study indicates that overall TPX activity is upregulated and APX activity is up- and down-regulated depending on the type of rootstock in response to P. tracheiphila infection.

Mycotypha microspora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Citrus Aurantium ◽  
Decaying Wood

Abstract A description is provided for Mycotypha microspora. Details of its geographical distribution (Libya, Nigeria, India (Tamil Nadu), Thailand, USA (Arizona, California, District of Columbia, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands, Poland, Turkey), and associated organisms and substrata (Equus caballus (dung), Homo sapiens, Muridae (dung), Carnegiea gigantea, Citrus aurantium, Gossypium, Lycopersicon esculentum, Pennisetum typhoideum [Pennisetum glaucum], air, bark, decaying wood, dung, leaf, paper and rhizosphere) are provided.

Endothia eugeniae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Airborne Conidia ◽  
Whole Tree

Abstract A description is provided for Endothia eugeniae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Eugenia caryophyllus. DISEASE: Acute dieback of clove, Cryprosporella dieback of clove. Symptoms usually include a progressive dieback of branches, leading to the main stem so as to produce a 'stag-headed' condition or even the death of the whole tree. If infection occurs near the base of the stem of young trees the whole plant will die suddenly with the leaves brown but still adhering to the branches. Affected wood is sharply demarcated from healthy tissues by a dark, reddish-brown stain, there is profuse production of gum in the wood and the vessels are occluded by tyloses (32, 508). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Zanzibar, Malaysia. TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed airborne conidia produced in pycnidia which appear around the point of infection. Perithecia are found on infected tissues at a later stage of the disease and there is no doubt that airborne ascospores also contribute to spread of the disease. The fungus enters the host through wounds in the stem, generally caused by harvesting or pruning. Root infection through wounds can also occur (32, 508).

Sphaeropsis tumefaciens. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Woody Tissue ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Citrus Aurantifolia ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Similar Disease ◽  
Considerable Damage

Abstract A description is provided for Sphaeropsis tumefaciens. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Citrus aurantifolia and other species of Citrus (sweet orange, rough lemon and ortanique). DISEASES: Knot of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and other species of Citrus including sweet orange, rough lemon and ortanique. The so-called knots are gall-like growths, rounded (1-7 cm diam.) but sometimes elongated, on the stems. These swellings begin by being covered with normal bark which changes to a whitish, rough, cork-like tissue, this extends in size, becoming fissured, with mueh enlarged woody tissue. The knots are firmly attached and may occur in large numbers over considerable lengths of stem which may be girdled and killed. The surface of the knot may become soft and crumbling, but it is hard inside, where black streaking indicates the presence of mycelium. A gall may form up to 40 shoots, from multiple bud formation, some over 1 m long and often themselves bearing knots or galls (witches' broom effect). These abnormal shoots eventually die. Knots can occur on the trunk and severe infection leads to death of the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Possible confusion with other similar disease-like symptoms in citrus (and because considerable damage only seems to occur in Jamaica) makes the distribution uncertain (CMI Map 386. ed. 1, 1961). Besides Jamaica it occurs in Florida and has been described from Cameroon (27: 564) and India (40: 533); it has also been reported from Ceylon, Cuba, Egypt, Guyana, Indonesia (Java), Venezuela. Some of these records are considered to be doubtful. TRANSMISSION: Not known.

Melampsora lini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Laundon
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Melampsora Lini ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Abstract A description is provided for Melampsora lini. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Linum usitatissimum, L. catharticum and other species of Linum. The American Aecidium lini Dearness & House on L. virginianum differs from M. lini in having cupulate, not caeomoid, aecia. DISEASE: Flax rust. Characterized by light-yellow to orange-yellow sori containing pycnia and aecia on leaves and stems early in the growing season, followed by reddish-yellow uredia on leaves, stems and capsules during the growing season, and later, brown to black telia covered by the epidermis, chiefly on the stems. Causes serious damage to flax by weakening and disfiguring the fibres and reduces the quality and yield of linseed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North and South America. (CMI Map 68, 2nd Ed.) TRANSMISSION: Sporidia produced in the spring from teliospores over-wintering on crop refuse are the most common source of primary inoculum. Teliospores may also be carried on fragments of infected host tissue with the seed. Volunteer flax plants, including some wild species, may also serve as important sources of infection (Millikan, 1951), and provide a means of over-wintering of the uredial stage in New Zeland (32: 79).

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettiae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Early Symptoms ◽  
Spray Inoculation ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettiae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Euphorbia pulcherrima. DISEASE: Bacterial canker of poinsettia. The early symptoms are usually watersoaked streaks on green stems. These may extend into petioles and leaves giving spots, blotches or defoliation, and downwards into the woody stem where it produces yellowing of the cortex and browning of vascular tissue. Golden brown bacterial ooze may be seen on ruptured stems and on leaf lesions. The disease is systemic and cuttings from infected stock plants may develop poorly or not at all. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand (N. Island), USA (Florida, New Jersey, New York, MD, Pennsylvania; also Alabama (40: 310)); possibly UK (isolated in 1984, but still regarded as non-indigenous) (IMI Distribution Map 550, ed. 1, 1982). TRANSMISSION: This disease is spread in infected cuttings and probably by water splash as infection can be artificially induced by spray inoculation without wounding (41: 604).

Carbon Dioxide Assimilation and Foliar Ion Concentrations in Leaves of Lemon (Citrus limon L.) Trees Irrigated With Nacl or Na2SO4

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Walker ◽  
DH Blackmore ◽  
Q Sun
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

An attempt was made to differentiate between the possible effects of high Cl- or Na+ ions on lemon leaf photosynthesis by treating grafted (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. cv. 'Taylor') plants with either NaCl or Na2SO4 to establish different foliar concentrations of Cl- or Na+. The rootstocks, Rangpur lime (C. reticulata var. austera hybrid?) and rough lemon (C. jambhiri), were chosen because Rangpur lime is known to be a good Cl- 'excluder' and rough lemon to be a poor Cl- 'excluder'. The grafted plants were initially treated for 7 weeks with nutrient solution (control) or nutrient solution containing 50 mol m-3 NaCl or 25 mol m-3 Na2SO4, after which time there were only marginal reductions in both photosynthetic rates and shoot growth, with the exception of 'Taylor' lemon on rough lemon roostock treated with NaCl where growth was affected more severely than the other treatments. Salinity levels were then doubled to 100 mol m-3 NaCl and 50 mol m-3 Na2SO4 and the plants treated for a further 8 weeks, causing significant increases in leaf Na+ and/or Cl- concentrations. Mature, 3-4-month-old leaves of 'Taylor' lemon on Rangpur lime rootstock treated with Na2SO4 for this period, contained c. 105 mol m-3 Na+ and c. 10 mol m-3 Cl- and had photosynthetic rates 60% lower than controls. Similar reductions in assimilation rate were seen in leaves on rough lemon roostock treated with NaCl containing c. 195 mol m-3 Cl- and c. 35 mol m-3 Na+. Smaller (35%) but significant reductions in assimilation rate were observed for trees on rough lemon roostock treated with Na2SO4, where the tagged leaves contained c. 40 mol m-3 Na+ and 50 mol m-3 SO42-. Leaf nitrogen concentrations were significantly reduced by treatment of trees with NaCl or Na2SO4 but, apart from small reductions in chlorophyll concentrations, there were no visible symptoms of nitrogen deficiency. Leaf turgor was not adversely affected. The data indicate that both Cl- and Na+ can reduce assimilation rates in salt-stressed lemon leaves, possibly because of poor compartmentation within leaves of either ion. Increases in leaf Na+ and Cl- accounted for 54-96% of the reduction in osmotic potential in 'Taylor' lemon leaves on trees treated with NaCl, whereas increases in Na+ and SO42- accounted for 33-71% of the reduction in osmotic potential in leaves on trees irrigated with Na2SO4. The greater increase in Cl- compared with the net increase of [Na+ + K+] in 'Taylor' leaves on rough lemon rootstocks was offset (65%) by reductions in malic and succinic acids. Proline increased significantly only in 'Taylor' leaves on Rangpur lime roostock treated with Na2SO4.

Evaluation of rootstocks for Eureka and Lisbon lemons in replant ground in New South Wales

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
RA Sarooshi ◽  
P Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Graft Compatibility ◽  
Large Flower

The yield, growth, fruit quality, and graft compatibility of 2 lemon cultivars Eureka and Lisbon [Citrus limon (L.) Bum. f.], budded onto several new rootstocks, were studied in replant ground.Promising rootstocks for Eureka lemon were 2 new hybrids bred at Gosford, New South Wales, 3798 (Scarlet mandarin x Poncirus trifoliata) and 4017 (Smooth Seville x P. trifoliata), and also Benton citrange and Nelspruit hybrid 639. Trees on the sour orange group of rootstocks including Xingshan, Dai Dai and Baggan yielded 44-63% less than trees on rough lemon rootstocks; but their fruit quality, as evidenced by juice per cent, OBrix, and citric acid (kg/t), was better. The performance of Lisbon lemon was tested on 10 selections of F'. trifoliata, and although trees on Flying Dragon were smaller and yielded about 50% less than on Swingle, Christiansen, Large Flower, and selection 22, results were not significantly (P<0.05) different.

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