scholarly journals Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Liefting
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Quarantine Pest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Unculturable Bacteria ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Cabbage Tree

Abstract Phytoplasmas are wall-less, phloem-limited unculturable bacteria that are naturally spread by sap-sucking insects. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', subgroup 16SrXII-B, is associated with a wide range of diseases in Australia and New Zealand. Important commercial crop hosts of 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' include grapevine, papaya and strawberry. This phytoplasma is associated with rapid death of its papaya and cabbage tree hosts. In New Zealand, the insect vectors have been confirmed to be the endemic Cixiid planthoppers, Zeoliarus atkinsoni and Z. oppositus, while in Australia no vector has yet been determined, although the leafhopper, Orosius argentatus, has been implicated. Long distance spread of the phytoplasma is possible through infected vegetative propagating material. 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' is on the A1 list of regulated organisms for Canada and Bahrain, and is listed as a quarantine pest for the USA.

Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Liefting
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Quarantine Pest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Unculturable Bacteria ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Cabbage Tree

Abstract Phytoplasmas are wall-less, phloem-limited unculturable bacteria that are naturally spread by sap-sucking insects. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', subgroup 16SrXII-B, is associated with a wide range of diseases in Australia and New Zealand. Important commercial crop hosts of 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' include grapevine, papaya and strawberry. This phytoplasma is associated with rapid death of its papaya and cabbage tree hosts. In New Zealand, the insect vectors have been confirmed to be the endemic Cixiid planthoppers, Zeoliarus atkinsoni and Z. oppositus, while in Australia no vector has yet been determined, although the leafhopper, Orosius argentatus, has been implicated. Long distance spread of the phytoplasma is possible through infected vegetative propagating material. 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' is on the A1 list of regulated organisms for Canada and Bahrain, and is listed as a quarantine pest for the USA.

scholarly journals White clover ecotype germplasm from the USA for development of New Zealand and overseas cultivars

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
J.R. Caradus ◽  
J. Green ◽  
Mueller Pennell
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
The North ◽  
Nodal Roots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Small Set

An ecotype collection of 98 populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) from pastures in the eastern USA together with five USA Ladino and five New Zealand cultivars were grown in grass swards at Raleigh, North Carolina; Palmerston North and Lincoln, New Zealand. The material was compared for leaf size, cyanogenesis, seasonal growth, % clover cover and persistence. When examined as a single group, the USA ecotypes consisted of a wide range of plant types from small-leaved acyanogenic to large-leaved cyanogenic types. This contrasted with the uniformly large-leaved acyanogenic USA Ladino cultivars which have been the principal cultivars sown in eastern USA. Various selection pressures over time together with introgression between Ladino and resident wild clover types has resulted in a wide array of plant types. At the North Carolina site, USA ecotype material generally demonstrated better growth and persistence compared to the USA Ladino and New Zealand cultivars. The best ecotype plots from the Piedmont (inland region) had 55% clover cover by the third spring compared to 12% cover from the USA cultivar, SRVR and 2% cover from the NZ cultivar, Huia. Selective pressures such as hot summers, viruses, root-feeding pests and other stresses on the local clover types have resulted in ecotype material with improved adaptive features. The USA ecotype collection is an important source of germplasm for development of improved white clovers for the eastern USA. At the New Zealand sites, the USA material demonstrated pooraverage yields compared to NZ cultivars. However, a small set of USA ecotypes showed good recovery following the dry 1995 summer at Lincoln and this material warrants closer examination to determine the adaptive mechanisms involved. As the USA ecotypes show a general lack of adaptation to New Zealand pastures, any desirable features such as heat tolerance, deeper nodal roots or virus resistance uncovered in this material will require hybridisation and backcrossing with selected elite New Zealand material to capture the benefits. Keywords: adaptation, eastern USA, ecotype populations,

scholarly journals Comparative virulence of Beauveria bassiana isolates against clover root weevil (Sitona obsoletus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
T.L. Nelson ◽  
M.R. McNeill ◽  
C. Van_Koten ◽  
S.L. Goldson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
The Uk

Clover root weevil (Sitona obsoletus) (CRW) is of Palearctic origin and in New Zealand has become an invasive pest of white clover A major survey was undertaken in 2000 to identify and collect the most promising CRW biocontrol agents from a wide range of locations in Europe and the UK Subsequently several Beauveria bassiana strains obtained from the cadavers of weevils originally collected live from England Wales France and Romania were isolated in containment at AgResearch Lincoln Thereafter bioassays using New Zealand fieldcollected CRW populations showed that all the European isolates were virulent against the adults with two being particularly effective Notably all of the European B bassiana isolates exhibited greater virulence against CRW than a New Zealand isolate collected from local CRW populations and a commercial B bassiana product registered in the USA as Botanigardreg;

Sarea resinae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hawksworth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Larix Leptolepis ◽  
Coniferous Trees ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Picea Excelsa

Abstract A description is provided for Sarea resinae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The apothecia and pycnidia develop on the resinous exudates from cankers and other wounds in a wide range of coniferous trees including Cupressus macrocarpa, Larix leptolepis, Picea excelsa, P. mariana, P. sitchensis, Pinus banksii, P. contorta, P. halipensis, P. strobus, P. sylvestris and Pseudotsuga menzesii. DISEASE: Although commonly found in association with exudates from cankers and other wounds it is not clear whether this fungus is a pathogen or a secondary saprophytic invader. It is been reported as causing a reddish stain ('krasnina') in wood of living spruce (Shchedrova, 1959) and wounded pines (Sokolov & Bazbenova, 1954). A few attempts have been made to inoculate twigs, but did not give rise to lesions (Ayres, 1941). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Almost certainly circumboreal in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring where coniferous trees are native or planted. Recorded at least from Austria, the British Isles, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Kenya, Nepal, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the USA and the USSR. TRANSMISSION: The conidia arise in mucilage and so must presumably be dispersed by rain trickles and/or insect vectors. In contrast the ascospores are presumed to be forcibly ejected and probably wind-dispersed.

An Immigrant Filmmaker Substitutes an Alternative Vision of Adolescence: The Scarecrow (Sam Pillsbury, 1982)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Fox
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cinematic Adaptation ◽  
Alternative Vision ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Genre Film

By comparing Sam Pillsbury’s cinematic adaptation of Ronald Hugh Morrieson’s The Scarecrow (1963) with the original, this chapter shows how the filmmaker, who was raised in the USA and immigrated to New Zealand in his teens, empties the source novel of the moral ambiguities and transgressive elements that had made the original a genuinely New Zealand work, in so far as it reflected puritan guilt over transgressive impulses in the face of repression, and thus turned the story into a genre film that that is much more anodyne in its vision.

The Influence of the Infomercial in New Zealand

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Rosser Johnson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
Cultural Importance ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
As If

New Zealand television networks introduced infomercials (30 minute advertisements designed to appear as if they are programmes) in late 1993. Although infomercials date from the 1950s in the USA, they were unknown in this country and quickly came to be seen as a peculiarly “intense” form of hyper-commercial broadcasting. This article aims to sketch out the cultural importance of the infomercial by analysing historical published primary sources (from the specialist and general press) as they reflect the views and opinions that resulted from the introduction of the infomercial. Specifically, it outlines the three main areas where that cultural importance was located. It concludes by analysing the significance of the cultural impact of the infomercial, both within broadcasting and within wider society.

Natural enemies of bridal creeper Asparagus asparagoides in New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 362-367
Author(s):  
H.M. Harman ◽  
N.W. Waipara ◽  
C.J. Winks ◽  
L.A. Smith ◽  
P.G. Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Invertebrate Fauna ◽  
Classical Biocontrol ◽  
Wide Range

Bridal creeper is a weed of natural and productive areas in the northern North Island of New Zealand A classical biocontrol programme was initiated in 20052007 with a survey of invertebrate fauna and pathogens associated with the weed in New Zealand Although bridal creeper was attacked by a wide range of generalist invertebrates their overall damage affected

scholarly journals Geospatial Analysis of COVID-19: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2336
Author(s):  
Munazza Fatima ◽  
Kara J. O’Keefe ◽  
Wenjia Wei ◽  
Sana Arshad ◽  
Oliver Gruebner
Keyword(s):  
Disease Mapping ◽  
Geospatial Analysis ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
Spatial Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Modeling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Disease Pattern ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Meta Analyses

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 became the harbinger of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, geospatial techniques, such as modeling and mapping, have helped in disease pattern detection. Here we provide a synthesis of the techniques and associated findings in relation to COVID-19 and its geographic, environmental, and socio-demographic characteristics, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) methodology for scoping reviews. We searched PubMed for relevant articles and discussed the results separately for three categories: disease mapping, exposure mapping, and spatial epidemiological modeling. The majority of studies were ecological in nature and primarily carried out in China, Brazil, and the USA. The most common spatial methods used were clustering, hotspot analysis, space-time scan statistic, and regression modeling. Researchers used a wide range of spatial and statistical software to apply spatial analysis for the purpose of disease mapping, exposure mapping, and epidemiological modeling. Factors limiting the use of these spatial techniques were the unavailability and bias of COVID-19 data—along with scarcity of fine-scaled demographic, environmental, and socio-economic data—which restrained most of the researchers from exploring causal relationships of potential influencing factors of COVID-19. Our review identified geospatial analysis in COVID-19 research and highlighted current trends and research gaps. Since most of the studies found centered on Asia and the Americas, there is a need for more comparable spatial studies using geographically fine-scaled data in other areas of the world.

scholarly journals Bioinsecticides based on plant essential oils: a short overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
Murray B. Isman
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

AbstractInterest in the discovery and development of plant essential oils for use as bioinsecticides has grown enormously in the past 20 years. However, successful commercialization and utilization of crop protection products based on essential oils has thus far lagged far behind their promise based on this large body of research, most notably because with the exceptions of the USA and Australia, such products receive no special status from regulatory agencies that approve new pesticides for use. Essential oil-based insecticides have now been used in the USA for well over a decade, and more recently have seen use in the European Union (EU), Korea, and about a dozen other countries, with demonstrated efficacy against a wide range of pests and in numerous crop systems. For the most part these products are based on commodity essential oils developed as flavor and fragrance agents for the food and cosmetic industries, as there are formidable logistic, economic, and regulatory challenges to the use of many other essential oils that otherwise possess potentially useful bioactivity against pests. In spite of these limitations, the overall prospects for biopesticides, including those based on essential oils, are encouraging as the demand for sustainably-produced and/or organic food continues to increase worldwide.

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