Aktywność in vitro olejku świerkowego (Oleum Picea excelsa) wobec grzybów drożdżopodobnych z rodzaju Candida

Introduction. Spruce (Picea abies L.) is a tree belonging to Pinaceae family (Pinaceous). It is large tree (to 50 m heigh), which produce neesdes and cones. Spruce essential oil, is used in medicine. Its components are following: borneol, limonene, camphora, bornyl acetate, α- and β-pinene, 3-carene, β-phellandrene, camphene and cadinene. The oil exhibited antimicrobial activity towards bacterial, viruses, yeastlike fungi and mycoses. Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of spruce oil on yeastlike fungi. Material and methods. The data included 31 yeastlike fungi isolated from patients from oral cavity. The strains belonging to the genus: Candida albicans (15 strains), C. glabrata (2), C. guilliermondii (2), C. humicola (1), C. kefyr (2), C. krusei (2), C. lusitaniae (1), C. parapsilosis (3), C. tropicalis (2) and C. utilis (1). Moreover investigated 9 reference strains. The susceptibility (MIC) yeastlike fungi to spruce oil (Semifarm) was determined by plate dilutions technique in Sabouraud agar. The inoculums contained 105 CFU per spot. The agar plate were inoculated using the Steers replicator. Incubation of agar plates was performed in aerobic conditions, at temp. 37°C for 24-48 hours. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentrations of spruce oil completely inhibited growth of tested strains of yeastlike fungi. Results. The results indicated, that tested strains of yeastlike fungi were susceptible to oil in concentrations 7.5-≥ 20.0 mg/ml. The growth of the strains from genus Candida albicans was inhibited by concentrations 7.5-≥ 20.0 mg/ml. The spruce oil was active on Candida glabrata strains in concentrations 10.0-20.0 mg/ml. The less sensitivity characterized the genus of Candida lusitaniae, Candida utilis (MIC = 15.0 mg/ml), Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis (MIC 15.0-≥ 20.0 mg/ml). The oil was the lowest active towards strains of Candida guilliermondii, Candida humicola, Candida kefyr and Candida tropicalis. The growth of these strains was inhibited by concentrations 20.0 mg/ml and high. Conclusions. The strains from genus of Candida were the moderate susceptible to spruce oil. The oil was the lowest active towards strains from genus Candida guilliermondii, Candida humicola, Candida kefyr i Candida tropicalis.

The influence of climatic factors on the health condition of forests in the Silesian Lowland

In the nineties of the 20^th century, forest ecosystems in the Silesian Lowland were seriously disturbed by a large disaster with massive increase in the occurrence of biotic and abiotic harmful agents. The majority of old growth was cut there especially that with allochthonous spruce (Picea excelsa). Relations between the course of climatic factors (annual precipitation amount, annual average temperature) and the level of unregulated felling were studied.

Interchange of Heat in Saw Disc Body During Cutting

The paper presents the experimental results of a research aimed at the distribution of the temperature on the circular saw blade body. The temperature was measured at two distances from the centre of the circular saw blade body (70 mm, 140 mm) by means of an infrared thermometer. Two circular saw blades with the diameter of 350 mm and a variable adjustment of the body (with slots and without the coating, with both slots and coating) were used for the longitudinal sawing of the spruce wood (Picea excelsa) with the thickness of h = 37 mm. Feed speeds ware vf1 = 14 mpm, vf2 = 17 mpm and vf3 = 20 mpm. Cutting revolutions n = 4100 /min. were constant. The measured temperature was in the range from 21 °C till 27 °C. The highest measured temperatures were recorded on the circular saw blade with the slots and coating.

Wpływ olejku świerkowego (Oleum Picea excelsa) na bakterie beztlenowe

Introduction. Spruce (Picea abies L.) is a member of family Pinaceae. It was known and used in ancient. The tree grown to 50 m height. Produced by conifers etheric oil possesses antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant properties. The major compounds of the spruce oil are: pinene, cadinene and felandrene. It is obtained hydro distillation method. Aim. The aim of the date was to investigate activity of spruce oil against anaerobic bacteria. Material and methods. The 53 of anaerobic bacteria isolated from oral cavity and upper respiratory tract, in it 32 strains of Gram-negative rods, 12 Gram-positive rods and 9 Gram-positive cocci were tested. Moreover investigated 8 reference strains. Susceptibility (MIC) was determined by two-fold dilution technique in Brucella agar with 5% defibrynated sheep blood, menadione and hemin. The spruce oil was dissolved in DMSO and distillated water to obtained a final concentrations 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mg/ml. The inoculums containing 106 CFU/ml was seeded with Steers replicator upon the surface of agar with oil or without tested essential oil (strains growth control). Incubation the agar plates was performed in anaerobic conditions in anaerobic jars containing 10% C02 , 10% H2 and 80% N2 , palladic catalyst and anaerobic indicator, at 37°C for 48 hrs. The MIC was established as the lowest concentration of the spruce oil that inhibiting the growth of tested anaerobes. Results. The results of these investigations indicated that the most susceptible to spruce oil from Gram-negative bacteria were the strains Prevotella intermedia (MIC 5.0-10.0 mg/ml) and Porphyromonas levii (MIC = 7.5 mg/ml). The growth of strains from genus Bacteroides fragilis was inhibited by concentration > 20.0 mg/ml, and Tannerella forsythia in ranges from 15.0 to > 20.0 mg/ml. The Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible. The growth of 50% of this rods was inhibited in concentration 2.5-7.5 mg/ml. From Gram-positive rods from genus of Actinomyces odontolyticus were the most susceptible. The 75% of the rods were inhibited by spruce oil in concentrations 2.5-7.5 mg/ml. The least sensitive was the strain Actinomyces viscosus (MIC = 15.0 mg/ml). The tested oil was more active on account Gram-positive cocci. The growth was inhibited by concentrations in ranges 2.5-7.5 mg/ml. The Gram-positive cocci were more susceptible than Gram-positive rods. The data indicated that the spruce oil was more active towards Gram-positive rods than Gram-negative anaerobes. Conclusions. From the Gram-negative bacteria the Prevotella rods were the more susceptible to spruce oil. The oil was the less active towards Gram-negative rods from genus Tannerella forsythia. From Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria the Gram-positive cocci were the more susceptible to spruce oil then Gram-positive rods.

Study of the Ability of Reducing Saccharides to Chemically Transform Lignin

The efficiency of chemical transformations of lignin obtained from Picea excelsa wood under the action of galactose, galacturonic acid and xylose (which can be obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicelluloses and pectin containing in plant material) was evaluated. The results were compared with use of traditional reducing agent which was borohydride sodium. Using the method of differential UV-spectroscopy was confirmed the increase of a number of phenolic hydroxyl units by Xyl, Gal and GA. The increase of lignin reactivity was controlled to sulfuric acid and to peroxide hydrogen. Similarly to NaBH4, a nucleophilic addition mechanism for the reaction of the reducing saccharides with lignin was revealed. Reduction by NaBH4, Xyl, GA and Gal increased the lignin reactivity to acid solubilisation and to peroxide oxidation.

Wood-inhabiting fungi of the Białowieża virgin forest in Poland. XVIII. Amylocystis lapponica (Romell)Bond. & Sing.

The author examined the microstructure of the fruitbody and culture of polypore <i>Amylocystis lapponica</i> (Romell) Bond. & Sing., common in the Białowieża virgin forest on lying logs of <i>Picea excelsa</i> with symptoms of advanced brown rot produced by <i>Fomitopsis rosea</i> (Alb. & Schw. ex Fr.) P. Karst. In the fruitbody a monomitic hyphal system was revealed consisting for the most part of thick-walled nodose-septate hyphae 4-10,5 μm thick. Moreover, by examination of four cultures obtained from basidiospores, it was found (1) that the diploid mycelium gives nearly always a negative reaction, whereas the haploid mycelia give positive reactions in tests for extracellular oxidase, and (2) that the fungus is tetrapolar.

Cell events i n cambium, connected with the formation and existence of a whirled cell arrangement

The history of cambium development was reconstructed on the basis of serial tangential sections of a woody tumour of <i>Picea excelsa</i> (Lam.) Lk. On the area with whirled arragement of the tracheids intrusive growth was found to occur at the lateral radial and longitudinal edges apart from its normal occurrence at the radial apical edges. Intrusive .growth at the radial lateral edge leads to forking of the fusiform initial in the cambium plane. The growth which appears on longitudinal lateral edges oocurs between the tangential walls of cells in neighbouring storeys. In such places a drastic reconstruction of the cell arrangement in neighbouring annual rings was observed. Intrusive growth. between the tangential walls leads to a whirled arrangement of tracheids.

Radioecology of Picea excelsa (L.) Lam

Within the area of the radiation anomaly near Kowary (Sudeten Mountains) the spruce (<i>Picea excelsa</i>) occurs in habitats with natural soil gamma radiation within 0.05-1.48 mR/h. By way of detailed ecological analysis 5 stenotopic habitats of spruce development were selected differing in radiation intensity. In these habitats the intrapopulation variability, radioactivity and ecological properties of the <i>Picea excelsa</i> populations were investigated. It was demonstrated that radiation within the above mentioned range is an essential ecological limiting factor, conditioning ecotypic differences in <i>Picea excelsa</i>. The limiting influence of radiation is manifested in a high frequency of development anomalies in the spruce population.