Current approaches for the authentication of medicinal Dendrobium species and its products

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Bo Zhang ◽  
Paul Pui-Hay But ◽  
Zheng-Tao Wang ◽  
Pang-Chui Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Source Material ◽  
High Price ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts

Dendrobium Sw., a member of the family Orchidaceae, includes approximately 1100 species distributed in different parts of the world. In China, the genus is represented by 76 species and two varieties, of which D. loddigesii, D. fimbriatum, D. chrysanthum, D. officinale (=D. candidum) and D. nobile are listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as the source material for Herba Dendrobii (Shihu). Because of increased demand and high price, Herba Dendrobii is often adulterated in the trade by other related species. Many Dendrobium species are over-collected from the wild and are listed under endangered taxa in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Therefore, a reliable authentication method is needed to regulate the trade and help conserve the species from unscrupulous collections. This review describes the present status of using medicinal Dendrobium in China, current approaches to authenticate medicinal Dendrobium plants and Herba Dendrobii, and the efforts under way towards the development of DNA microarrays to facilitate differentiation/identification of genuine material in complex Chinese medicinal formulations.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) – Conservation Efforts Undermine The Legality Principle

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1565-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Competing Values ◽  
Environmental Treaties ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
The World ◽  
International Environmental Treaties

CITES is acknowledged as one of the most successful international environmental treaties in the world. CITES is not just a conservation treaty, it is also a trade instrument that attempts to strike a balance between these often competing values.

Homo sapiens and Criminality

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
Shanta Balgobind Singh ◽  
Marion Pluskota
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Behavior Management ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts

History has shown that primitive societies, with their well-developed value and norm systems, were self-governing. Needs of the people led to the development of mechanisms for survival. As primitive societies became more complex, a need arose for knowledge of the nature and structure of the communities in which they lived. Moral laws and rules, which governed primitive communities, were organized around the family and tribal environment. Even in the 21st century, forms of human behavior management center on tribal authority systems in different parts of the world. Crime is a social construction that has been widely theorized by historians, sociologists, anthropologists, and, of course, criminologists. Researchers have long tried to answer the questions as to why crime exists, how it is defined, how it can be controlled, and what makes it more prevalent in certain communities than in others. This special issue addresses many of these questions and reflects on contemporary research in the criminological field. The authors are at the forefront of the research on crime and shed new light on our societies’ ability to identify, reduce, or cope with criminality.

scholarly journals Trade in non-native, CITES-listed, wildlife in Asia, as exemplified by the trade in freshwater turtles and tortoises (Chelonidae) in Thailand

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Nijman ◽  
Chris R. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Freshwater Turtles ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
The World ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
International Wildlife Trade

In 1973 the Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was called to life as to regulate the international wildlife trade, and to prevent species becoming (economically and biologically) extinct. The trade in freshwater turtles and tortoises in Asia is so huge that it threatens the survival of many species. In 2006 and 2007, during three surveys at Chatuchak market in Bangkok, Thailand, we recorded a significant trade in non-native CITES-listed freshwater turtles and tortoises to be used as pets. We documented a total of 688 individuals of 19 species from different regions of the world, many of which are globally threatened with extinction. Most commonly recorded were three species of tortoise from Madagascar and Africa, i.e. Radiated Tortoise Geochelone radiata, Spurred Tortoise G. sulcata and Leopard Tortoise G. pardalis. Five species were listed on CITES Appendix I, precluding all international trade, and an additional six Appendix II or III-listed species that can be traded albeit regulated, were not registered as being imported into Thailand in the last six year. CITES I-listed species were not more expensive than CITES II or III listed species, nor was there a relationship between retail price and numbers of turtles observed. The large number and availability of illegally sourced animals indicates a blatant disregard for law and authority by traders both from Thailand and from exporting countries. We conclude that the trade in these species, in such significant volumes, is of serious conservation concern, and in order for CITES to be more effective it is imperative that Parties recognize the scale of the international trade in freshwater turtles and tortoises and respond accordingly.

Studies on the Chromosomes of the Scallop Pecten Maximus (L.) and Related Species

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Beaumont ◽  
LL. D. Gruffydd
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Ostrea Lurida ◽  
Pecten Maximus ◽  
Commercial Importance ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World

A number of species of the family Pectinidae (Lamellibranchia, Mollusca) are of considerable commercial importance in many parts of the world. Many of these are being reared in laboratories and hatcheries and this has made easier studies of cytogenetics using eggs and embryos, and ultimately will make studies of their genetics feasible. Recently, simple squash techniques have provided a fast and reliable method for obtaining chromosome numbers from eggs and embryos of several bivalves including Mercenaria spp. (Menzel & Menzel, 1965), Ostrea lurida and Crassostera gigas (Ahmed & Sparks, 1967), Mytilus spp. (Ahmed & Sparks, 1970), and Crassostrea spp. (Menzel, 1968). In 1967, Longwell, Stiles & Smith published the karyotype of Crassostrea virginica obtained from embryos which had been treated with colchicine.

scholarly journals Children and the Child Welfare System: Problems, Interventions, and Lessons from Around the World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Przeperski ◽  
Samuel A. Owusu
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Child Welfare System ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Social Work Research ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Work Practitioners ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractSecuring the welfare of children and the family is an integral part of social work. Modern society has experienced enormous changes that present both opportunities and challenges to the practice of social work to protect the welfare of children. It is thus essential that we understand the experiences of social work practitioners in different parts of the world in order to adapt practice to the changing times. To help achieve this, we present a collection of papers from around the world that presents findings on various aspects of social work research and practice involving children and the potential for improved service delivery.

scholarly journals A Review on Anti-diabetic Plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazmul Qais ◽  
Sadia Jahan ◽  
Md Shafiullah Shajib
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Literature Source ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Antidiabetic Plants

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder whose prevalence is rapidly increasing all over the world. According to WHO, diabetes will be the seventh leading cause of death in 2030. Since long back, plants have been used to heal or combat illness and are the source of many modern medicines. In view of the above aspects, the present review provides information about the antidiabetic plants, available through literature source from various database. From the present study it is evident that most of the plants having anti-diabetic properties belong to the family Moraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Liliaceae, Anacardiaceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae and many others. The hypoglycemic activities are contained in different parts of these plants like leaf, rhizomes, fruits, bark, seeds or other parts which differ from species to species. It is also evident from this review that the mode of action and dosage of administration differs from plant to plant.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17(1): 139-152, 2018 (June)

A new species of Plinia (Myrtaceae) from the Bahia Atlantic Forest

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 450 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
ALINE STADNIK ◽  
MARCELO DA COSTA SOUZA ◽  
EVE LUCAS ◽  
NÁDIA ROQUE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Related Species ◽  
The State ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽  
The World ◽  
A New Species

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the most diverse biomes in the world. The state of Bahia includes an important portion of the central corridor of Atlantic Forest that runs along the Brazilian coast. Myrtaceae is a dominant family of trees in this biome, and among its genera, Plinia is a genus notable for high number of endangered species in the Bahia Atlantic Forest. Plinia ybotyrype is here described, discussed and illustrated. An identification key for related species is also provided.

The Oscinidae (Diptera) as Vectors of Conjunctivitis, and the Anatomy of their Mouth Parts

Parasitology ◽  
1930 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Graham-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Conjunctival Epithelium ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts

Some species of very small flies belonging to the family Oscinidae have been accused of transmitting conjunctivitis and other diseases in different parts of the world.In the first part of this paper some of the evidence apparently incriminating these flies is quoted, and in the second part an account is given of the anatomy of the mouth parts, which appear to be so modified that the flies are likely to cause minute punctures when they feed on the delicate conjunctival epithelium or on recent wounds.

The Biology and external Morphology of the Larvae of Epilachninae (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)

1950 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Great Uniformity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts

The Epilachninae constitute one-sixth of the known species of the family Coccinellidae. They are herbivorous and include a number of well known pests of cultivated plants in different parts of the world. Their adults present a great uniformity of external structure, with the result that nearly all the known species have been placed in one genus, Epilachna Hope. Their identification is made more difficult by the employment of characters such as the elytral markings and spots which may vary a great deal in one species or be almost identical in two quite unrelated species. Lately, there has been a tendency to split the genus by employing more reliable morphological characters, including genitalia. A greater knowledge of the biology and morphology, including that of the immature stages, particularly the larvae, is necessary to evolve a natural classification. Relatively little was known of the larvae. This paper deals with 14 species belonging to six different genera.In addition to discussion of the relationship of this subfamily with other Coccinellidae in the light of the extensive larval material examined, it is observed that larvae belonging to different genera, including those recently erected or revived, show considerable morphological differences that support a division of Epilachna (s.l.) based on adult characters. A study of the larvae of nine species that are still retained in the genus Epilachna shows that they are separable into several groups, which may well indicate where further division of the genus may be made.

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