Application of Nanoemulsion in Cancer Treatment

Nanoemulsions are pharmaceutical-based nanometres ranged nanoformulated particles with significant and valuable contribution in field of the nanotechnology. In cancer treatment, the treatment through drugs fails primarily due to multidrug resistance (MDR), poor solubility, and unspecific toxicity. Nanoemulsions have the remarkable properties of non-immunogenicity, biodegradability, sustained encapsulation of low water solubility drugs, sustained regulated release of drug, stable and safe carrying tendency to deliver such drugs, and specificity in targeting only cancer cells to overcome multidrug resistance through for clinical and therapeutic application. They excellently address the noncompliance issues associated with the conventional anti-cancerous chemotherapeutic dosage issues. Currently multifunctional nanoemulsions are under experimentation for the treatment of various types of cancer. The chapter highlights the current status and applications of nanoemulsions as anti-cancer therapeutics and their commercial importance.

Ontogeny of Adenohypophyseal Cells, Pituitary Gland Development and Structure in Adults of Astyanax Lacustris (Teleostei, Characidae): an Emerging Neotropical Fish Species

Pituitary gland morphogenesis of the adenohypophyseal (AH) cells of Astyanax lacustris are presented herein. This Characiformes species show great ecological and commercial importance, and it has been increasingly used as a biological model. The first AH cells of A. lacustris were detected at 1 dah by the immunostaining of PRL producing cells. The morphology of the gland presented changes in shape throughout the development, starting elongated but more oval at the end. The neurohypophysis was differentiated at 3 dah, along with the identification of ACTH, MSH, TSH, and FSH producing cells. Identification of the immunoreactive cells to anti-LH, anti-SL, and anti-GH antibodies occurred at 5 dah. At 20 dah, an increase in pituitary size and the presence of the pituitary stalk were observed. At 60 dah, the pituitary already had the same shape seen in adults. The ontogeny of adenohypophyseal cells in A. lacustris corroborates the heterogeneity in the appearance of these cell types in teleosts and suggests that these hormones actively participate during the early development of this species. Our results collaborate with the understanding of the morphogenesis of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in South American teleosts, showing essential data for the development of future studies related to pituitary morphophysiology.

A Review on Nucleotide Binding Site – Leucine Rich Repeats Disease Resistance Genes in legumes

The crop plants of the family Leguminosae are second to cereal crops of commercial importance on the basis of area harvested and total production worldwide. It is well known globally that many crops do not give good yield due to certain diseases existing in their plants. Nowadays, there is much emphasis on developing disease resistant varieties of crops and especially of commercial crops. Plants need to protect themselves against attack from viruses, microbes, invertebrates and even other plants. NBS-LRR (Nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeats) genes belong to the largest plant disease resistance gene family and are responsible for plant resistance to pathogens. Studies of the NBS-LRR gene family in plants represent an intriguing challenge and can provide knowledge on the genomic and molecular mechanisms that form the basis of gene regulation and protein function. Their evolution at the gene and genomic level can be defined through ancient and numerous gene families. In the present study, beneficial concepts for generating basic and fundamental knowledge on the NBS-LRR plant disease resistance genes are discussed with emphasis on selected legume plants of commercial importance.

Unraveling the Biosynthesis of Quinolizidine Alkaloids Using the Genetic and Chemical Diversity of Mexican Lupins

Quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) are synthesized by the genus Lupinus as a defense against herbivores. Synthesis of QAs in lupins is species- and organ-specific. Knowledge about their biosynthesis and their corresponding pathways are still fragmentary, in part because lupins of commercial importance were mainly investigated, representing a small sample of the chemodiversity of the genus. Here, we explore the use of three Mexican lupins: Lupinus aschenbornii, Lupinus montanus, and Lupinus bilineatus as a model to study the physiology of QA biosynthesis. The corresponding QA patterns cover widely and narrowly distributed tetracyclic QAs. Quinolizidine alkaloid patterns of seeds and plantlets at different developmental stages were determined by GLC–MS and compared to identify the onset of de novo QA synthesis and to gain insight into specific and common biosynthesis trends. Onset of de novo QA biosynthesis occurred after the metabolization of seed QA during germination and was species-specific, as expected. A common QA pattern, from which the diversity of QA observed in these species is generated, was not found; however, lupanine and 3β-lupanine were found in the three specieswhile sparteine was not found in Lupinus bilineatus, suggesting that this simplest tetracyclic QA is not the precursor of more complex QAs. Similar patterns of metabolization and biosynthesis of structurally related QAs were observed, suggesting a common regulation.

STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF CATCHES OF THE SHURYSHKARSKY DISTRICT OF THE YAMALO-NENETS AUTONOMOUS OKRUG

Анализ статистики уловов Шурышкарского района показал, что в 2015-2020 гг. промысловое значение имели 12 видов рыб, обеспечивая уловы от 8,6 до 10,1 тыс. тонн. Наибольший вклад в уловы по району вносили щука (47 %) и язь (27 %), доля сиговых в этот период снизилась с 22 до 11 %. Доля района в освоении биоресурсов ЯНАО возросла с 13 до 23 %, вклад в общие уловы щуки, леща, язя, окуня и карася в отдельные годы превышал 30 %. The analysis of catch statistics of the Shuryshkarsky district showed that in 2015-2020, 12 fish species were of commercial importance, providing catches from 8.6 to 10.1 thousand tons. The largest contribution to catches in the region was made by pike (47 %) and ide (27 %), the share of whitefish in this period decreased from 22 to 11 %. The share of the district in the development of biological resources of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District increased from 13 to 23 %, the contribution to the total catches of pike, bream, ide, perch and crucian in some years exceeded 30 %.

Photochromic dyes

This article describes the defining characteristics of photochromic dyes and highlights the subset of properties that are of greatest commercial importance. It outlines the history of the industrial exploitation of photochromic colorants before moving on to discuss current and potential applications. In doing so, a brief tour of key types of photochromic dye is provided.

A Review on Wild Indigenous Eggplant, Terung Asam Sarawak (Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal.)

Terung Asam Sarawak (Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal.), also known as terung Dayak or sour eggplant is one of the largest indigenous crops in Sarawak. It has slowly gained a significant commercial importance in Malaysia especially East Malaysia. There have been several studies on Terung Asam Sarawak in the last few decades but mainly focus on plant vernacular and morphology with only some studies focusing on the fruits. The agronomic practices of the plant until fruit postharvest handling have not been comprehensively studied. The information on Terung Asam Sarawak scatters in diverse sources, either local or regional sources, and in several languages too. Therefore, this review attempts to compile these all literature and outline every important finding (from plant origin to planting, fruit postharvest handling, uses and many more) about Terung Asam Sarawak in order to pinpoint the gaps of knowledge. It is hope that this review could assist researchers to focus on the gaps that will help to establish this indigenous eggplant as an important commercial vegetable in tropical countries.

An appendage abnormality in the first left pereiopod of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) reared in the laboratory conditions

Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is the most cultivated crayfish species in the world that has commercial importance for both aquaculture and aquarium industries. In this study, a case report of an appendage abnormality observed in the left cheliped of a female specimen (6.92 g) reared under laboratory conditions is presented. It has been determined that the specimen has two appendages in the left cheliped root. Of these appendages, the right one (1.27 cm) ends in a blunt. On the left (1.06 cm), a spiny structure similar to that of the fourth and fifth walking legs was observed

12. Third Party Rights (the Doctrine of Privity)

This chapter highlights the doctrine of privity of contract; that means it is about the rights and obligations of third parties. The starting point is the basic common law rule of privity. At common law, third parties have no general right to enforce contracts made by others. Likewise, contracts made by others cannot impose obligations on third parties. This is a fairly straightforward principle and is based on sound reasons, but in practice privity has become a complex area. The existence of the rule resulted in a range of clever devices being developed to get around it, all of which are of commercial importance. And the rule against parties enforcing contracts made by others in particular was also severely criticized over the years for various reasons. The basis for such criticism resulted in some partial exceptions being developed in the case law, and ultimately in a statute—namely the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999. This complicates matters further because the Act only applies in certain circumstances and its application can be excluded by the terms of the contract. As such, there will be circumstances in which the common law exceptions and devices remain relevant, and they must therefore be studied alongside it.