The impact of trade openness on labour force participation rate

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (24) ◽  
pp. 2654-2668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ali Madanizadeh ◽  
Hanifa Pilvar
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
The Impact

The Impact of Water on Key Health and Social Outcomes: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 378-383
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
The Impact

Universal access to safe drinking water is one of the keys and important goals from a total of 17 sustainable development targets initiated by the United Nations which have to be achieved by 2030. As many as 1.1 billion people in the world are still living with inadequate access to safe drinking water. In the present study, an attempt was made to analyze the impact of inadequate access to safe drinking water on the different aspects of human life such as health, education and labour force participation rate. The present paper was based on secondary data. The study explores a comparative situation of universal access to safe drinking water in the developed world and inadequate access to the developing one. The problem of access to safe drinking water is more severe in developing countries, predominantly in rural areas. Most of the countries with low access to safe drinking water perform poorly in different health and education related variables. Moreover, the results of the bivariate correlation of developing countries proved that the life expectancy at birth and female labour force participation rate are directly correlated with water coverage of total population whereas, infant mortality rate and mortality rate under five years of age is inversely correlated to the total population with water coverage. In nutshell, it was observed that the greater access to adequate safe drinking water positively affects the outcome of health, educational attainments, and the female labour force participation rate.

How does trade openness affect female labours?

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-390
Author(s):  
Jing-Ping Li ◽  
Zheng-Zheng Li ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
Chi Wei Su
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the non-linear threshold effects between trade openness and female labours to participate in the labour markets. Design/methodology/approach The authors consider data for nine Asian countries from 1990 to 2016 period and perform the panel threshold regression method. Findings Empirical results indicate that the threshold value is occurred. With the increase of trade openess, the female labour force participation rate shows a trend of rising first and then declining. Furthermore, exports also have an asymmetric threshold effect on female labour force participation, which is partly in accordance with the discrimination model (Becker, 1957). On the other hand, imports dependency will hinder female labour force participation regardless of a threshold effect. The authors obtain similar results when the authors consider the female employment rate as substitution. Practical implications Specifically, increased trade openness may contribute positively or negatively towards overall female labour force participation rate (FLFPR), attributed to the relative importance of these opposing effects. Thus, when the cost reduction effect, resulting from intensified competitive pressure and comparative advantages would enhance the participation rate, the technology channel operates in the opposite direction. Therefore, from the perspective of female employment, trade openness is not the more the better. Originality/value This study innovatively discusses the non-linear correlation between trade openness and FLFPR and distinguishes the different contributions from exports and imports. The advanced threshold regression model assumes the existence of threshold value from trade to female employment. Thereby, targeted policies for the government should be applied to promote active female in the labour market.

scholarly journals Education and Unemployment in Israel, 1976-1994: Reducing the Anomaly

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob (Yaacov) Weisberg ◽  
Noah M. Meltz
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Education Group ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Low Educated

In industrialized economics, unemployment rates are inversely related to education levels. Data from 1963 to 1994 show that Israël is an anomaly exhibiting an inverted U-shaped relationship. Workers with 9-12 years of schooling consistently experienced a higher level of unemployment than the schooling groups with less and more education. Multivariate regression analysis of data for Israël during the 1976-1994 period indicates that this inverted U-shaped relationship is moderating. The national unemployment rate and a time trend variable had positive and significant effects tending to strengthen the inverted U-shaped relationship. However, an increase in the unemployment rate within the 0-8 education group relative to the 9-12 group and a decline in the labour force participation rate of the 0-8 group overrode these factors, resulting in a flattening of the inverse relationship. The major factor responsible for the anomaly in the education-unemployment relationship in Israël appears to be government policies intended to protect low-educated immigrants with large familles. A reduction in government support over recent years seems to have increased the exposure of the least educated to labour market forces.

scholarly journals Fertility and socio-economic determinants: evidence from co-integration and multivariate Granger casualty tests

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Prakash Kengnal ◽  
Asha Bullappa
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
National Income ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Per Capita

Background: The empirical work on fertility determinants widely discusses the role of socio-economic factors like female labour force participation rate, urban population and per capita gross national income in determining fertility rates. The India’s high fertility rate began to decline gradually after late 1950s and continued to fall since then. India achieved almost 31 per cent decline in fertility rate from 1990 to 2012. The objective was to examine the relationship between fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income for India.Methods: This study covers the sample period from 1990-2012. Moreover, the direction of causality between fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income in India using Granger Causality test within the Vector Error-Correction Model (VECM) are examined.Results: As a summary of the empirical results, we found that fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income in India are co-integrated and there is unidirectional Granger Causality between the four variables in long and short-run.Conclusions: The growth in urban population, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income are responsible for the decrease in fertility rate in India.

scholarly journals Contextual and Compositional Risk Factors of Overweight and Obesity in India over Two Decades: An Analysis of National Demographic and Health Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1607-1607
Author(s):  
Jeswin Baby ◽  
Jithin Sam Varghese ◽  
Tinku Thomas ◽  
Shruthi Cyriac ◽  
Shivani Patel
Keyword(s):  
Health Surveys ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Identify contextual (state characteristics) and compositional (individual characteristics) drivers of changes in overweight in women from 1998–2016 across 26 states of India. Methods Nationally representative data on individual socio-demographics and objectively-measured anthropometry for non-pregnant and ever-married women 15–49y were obtained from the Indian National Family Health Surveys (NFHS-2, 1998–99, n = 61,979; NFHS-3, 2005–06, n = 66,694; and NFHS-4, 2015–16, n = 387,732). Individual-level data were merged with year-matched state-level nutritional and economic indicators obtained from multiple national databases. State indicators included per capita consumption of cereals, oils and sugar, per capita gross state domestic product (GDP), literacy rates, labour force participation rate, and population proportion engaged in sedentary employment. Cross-classified generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) with random effects classified each woman by state and round of survey. Models examined overweight/obesity trends as well as estimated the adjusted odds ratios and 95% Bayesian credible intervals for overweight/obesity associated with contextual and individual factors. Results From 1998 to 2016, the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased in all states of India. Higher household wealth (Quintile 5 vs 1: 4.18 [4.06–4.30]), education (post-secondary vs pre-school or less: 1.55 [1.51–1.60]), were associated with higher adjusted odds of overweight/obesity. State average sugar (g; 1.04 [1.03–1.05]) and oil (g; 1.04 [1.03–1.06]) intake, log (GDP per capita) (2.18 [2.14–2.21]) and literacy rates (1.01 [1.01–1.01]) were positively and independently associated with higher odds of overweight. The impact of state characteristics on prevalence of overweight/obesity decreased across rounds. Conclusions While the role of state economic and nutritional context as a driver of overweight has waned over time, contextual indicators remain salient correlates of an individual adult's likelihood of being overweight. Findings suggest that rising overweight in India must be understood and addressed from a socio-ecological lens that considers context alongside individual risks. Funding Sources None.

The Australian labour market in 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Birch ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Part Time

1 This article provides an overview of the key features of the labour market in 2019, with historical data providing insight into recent trends. In 2019, the female labour force participation rate reached an all-time high of 61.3%, 10 percentage points lower than the male rate. Disaggregated analysis shows this growth stems from rising participation amongst older women. This, in turn, is underpinned by a growth in feminised sectors of the labour market, notably the Health Care and Social Assistance sector. Since 2000 this sector has contributed 22.6% to total employment growth and at 2019 accounted for 13.5% of the Australian workforce. There has also been a growth in part-time and casual employment over recent years, with the latter now accounting for 25% of all employees. These are concerning developments, with estimates showing that 58.6% of casuals are not guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work in their job. The article notes that wages growth remains below that required to stimulate employment growth, and that a continued focus on conventional labour market indicators has the potential to lead to misguided policy formulation.

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