The Status of Palm Oil under the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive: Sustainability or Protectionism?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Adam Tyson ◽  
Eugenia Meganingtyas
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
The Status

scholarly journals Assessment of Indonesia’s Future Renewable energy Plan: A Meta-Analysis of Biofuel Energy Return on Investment (EROI)

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2803
Author(s):  
Wiraditma Prananta ◽  
Ida Kubiszewski
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Land Restoration ◽  
Energy Return On Investment ◽  
Land Preparation

In early 2020, Indonesia implemented the biodiesel 30 (B30) program as an initiative to reduce Indonesia’s dependency on fossil fuels and to protect Indonesia’s palm oil market. However, palm oil has received international criticism due to its association with harmful environmental externalities. This paper analysed whether an investment in palm oil-based biofuel (POBB) provides Indonesia with the ability to achieve its environmental and financial goals. In this research, we performed a meta-analysis on biofuel energy return on investment (EROI) by examining 44 biofuel projects using ten types of biofuel feedstocks from 13 countries between 1995 and 2016. Results showed an average EROI of 3.92 and 3.22 for POBB and other biomass-based biofuels (OBBB), respectively. This shows that if only energy inputs and outputs are considered, biofuels provide a positive energy return. However, biofuels, including those from palm oil, produce externalities especially during land preparation and land restoration. We also compared these EROI biofuel results with other renewable energy sources and further analysed the implications for renewable energies to meet society’s energy demands in the future. Results showed that biofuel gives the lowest EROI compared to other renewable energy sources. Its EROI of 3.92, while positive, has been categorised as “not feasible for development”. If Indonesia plans to continue with its biofuel program, some major improvements will be necessary.

scholarly journals Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources in Road Transport in EU Countries—TOPSIS Results

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7457
Author(s):  
Joanna Kisielińska ◽  
Monika Roman ◽  
Piotr Pietrzak ◽  
Michał Roman ◽  
Katarzyna Łukasiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Topsis Method ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Relative Closeness ◽  
The Status

The primary aim of this study was to assess and compare EU countries in terms of the use of renewable energy sources in road transport. The following research tasks were undertaken to realize this aim: (1) a review of the literature concerning the negative externalities in road transport, the concept of sustainable development, and legal regulations referring to the utilization of renewable energy sources; (2) presentation of changes in energy consumption (both traditional and renewable) in road transport in EU countries in the years 2008–2019; and (3) identification of leaders among the EU countries in terms of consumption of renewable energy sources in road transport. The aim and tasks were realized using the literature review and TOPSIS method as well as descriptive, tabular, and graphic methods. The analysis was conducted for 28 EU countries according to the status for 2019. The period of 2008–2019 was investigated. Sources of materials included literature on the subject and Eurostat data. Although renewable energy sources accounted for as little as 6% of total energy consumption in road transport in EU countries in 2019, this is a significant topical issue. It results from the direction in which changes need to be implemented in terms of energy generation in this area of human activity. It turned out that blended biodiesel and blended biogasoline were the most commonly used fuels originating from renewable sources. The application of the TOPSIS method resulted in the identification of five groups of EU member countries, which differed in terms of the degree of utilization of renewable energy sources in road transport. Luxemburg, Sweden, and Austria were leaders in this respect. In turn, Malta, Estonia, and Croatia were characterized by very low consumption of renewable energy. The greatest progress in the utilization of renewable energy sources in road transport was recorded in Sweden, Finland, and Bulgaria (changes in the relative closeness to the ideal solution from 0.15 to 0.27), while the greatest reduction in relation to other countries was observed in Austria, Germany, and Lithuania (changes from −0.35 to −0.22).

scholarly journals Analysis of Renewable Energy Directive Ii on Trading of Indonesian Palm Oil Associated with GATT

Yuridika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Amanda Fadhilla Chairunisa ◽  
Imam Haryanto
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Gatt 1947

International economic relations sure is very important for a country and the important thing that follows is the policy that regulates international economic relations it self. In this study, the authors will analyze hows  Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) policy as a derivative of the RED (Renewable Energy Directive) policy by the European Union will affect the Indonesian palm oil trade which this also would show the violations of previous policies that is General Agreement on Tarifs and Trades. Authors also going to show General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as a policy that regulates how international trade relations should be carried out and the violations of this international agreement undoubtedly could affect Economic relations between the two countries, both on a micro scale and macro scale. In conducting the research authors will be using the normative juridical methods which means the legal research will be based off library materials and secondary materials therefore the main result from this study would be a reflection of how RED II can affect trade in indonesian palm oil products and also by effecting this regulation in 2021 the european union will be violating the non-discrimination principle in GATT 1947.

scholarly journals HARA STATUS OF POTASSIUM Absorption IN PRODUCING PALM OIL PLANT IN PERLABIAN VILLAGE, KAMPUNG RAKYAT DISTRICT, LABUHANBATU SELATAN DISTRICT

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Artisa Ainun ◽  
Hilwa Walida ◽  
Badrul Ainy Dalimunthe ◽  
Khairul Rizal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Grid Survey ◽  
The Status ◽  
Oil Plant ◽  
Potassium Absorption ◽  
Plastic Sample

Potassium is a macro nutrient that can affect the quality and quantity of oil palm bunches as well as resistance to disease and drought stress. So far, testing the status of potassium nutrient uptake in people's plantations in Perlabian Village, Kampung Rakyat Labuhanbatu Selatan District has never been carried out. Fertilization and maintenance are carried out through knowledge from generation to generation, so it is important to have a study on the nutrient uptake status of potassium in oil palm leaves. This research was conducted using a free grid survey method at the semi-detailed survey level with a density of 100 meters. A total of 6 leaf samples were taken on the 17th leaf midrib and then rubbed with 70% alcohol and then put into the plastic sample for further testing in the laboratory of PT. Socfindo. The results showed that the potassium in leaf samples 1, 3 and 4 experienced deficiency and leaf samples 2, 5 and 6 were at the optimum. In oil palm plantations in smallholder plantations in Perlabian Village, Kampung Rakyat Subdistrict, it shows that the total K content of leaves is included in the optimum category. 

OPTIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXAS ELECTRICITY MARKET

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650010 ◽  
Author(s):  
WICHSINEE WIBULPOLPRASERT
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Welfare Gain ◽  
Energy Investment ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
The Status

Renewable electricity subsidies have been popular policy instruments to combat climate change because of their ability to offset emissions. This paper studies the long-run welfare benefits of optimizing the design of the existing renewable energy subsidy (the status quo) in the presence of heterogeneity in the offset emissions. In particular, I measure the welfare gain from differentiating renewable subsidies across location and time to reflect the environmental benefits from emissions offset in the context of wind energy in the Texas electricity market. I find that the welfare gain from differentiation is small compared to the gain already achieved under the status quo subsidy. In contrast, the optimal emissions tax yields much larger welfare gain because it engages in other cost-effective emissions abatement channels that renewable energy subsidies do not: namely, demand conservation and cross-plant fuel substitution.

The Use of Palm Oil as Diesel Fuel Substitute

1996 ◽  
Vol 210 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Sapuan ◽  
H H Masjuki ◽  
A Azlan
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
Oil Fuel

The high cost of energy supplies as well as the concern over the availability of oil have brought much pressure on many countries to search for renewable energy sources, especially after the oil crisis in 1973. Vegetable oil fuels such as palm oil fuel provide one of the alternative forms of energy that are currently being studied, particularly as a diesel fuel substitute. The purpose of this note is to review the potential of palm oil as an alternative fuel in automotive and industrial diesel engines with respect to its performance and tribological, environmental, economic and social implications.

scholarly journals Sustainable and renewable energy from biomass wastes in palm oil industry: A case study in Malaysia

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (37) ◽  
pp. 23871-23877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qibai Wu ◽  
Thien Ching Qiang ◽  
Guoxun Zeng ◽  
Haiyan Zhang ◽  
Ye Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Industry

Using lexical functions to describe adjectives in terminography

Terminology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-32
Author(s):  
Maria Francesca Bonadonna
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
The Status

Abstract The status of adjectives as independent terms has been demonstrated in recent studies. However, their treatment in current terminography practice is not entirely satisfactory. This paper addresses the description of adjectives in term banks of French adjectives related to the field of renewable energy. Our goals were to conduct a corpus-driven semantic analysis of a sample of significant adjectives in this domain and to highlight some properties that should be taken into account in terminography. In particular, we used lexical functions developed within the framework of Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology. Our analysis shows that lexical functions are a powerful tool that can accurately define these adjectives, by showing their subtle semantic distinctions. They are also able to capture the relations between the adjective and the noun that it co-occurs with as well as systematically describe the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of adjectival terminological units.

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