United States interests in the Arctic region

This article explores the key stages of the development of U.S. policy with regards to Arctic Region. The goal is set to outline the fundamental interests of the United States in the Arctic, as well as analyze the actions aimed at their achievement. The article examines the main priorities in U.S. Arctic policy, namely the protection and preservation of resources and ecosystem in the Arctic Region, scientific study of climatic changes, peculiarities of economic development of Alaska, and national security interests of the state. The questions of interaction of Arctic states with regards to defense cooperation become increasingly relevant. Consideration of the mid-term and long-term prospects of U.S. Arctic policy allowed the author focusing attention on the news aspects of U.S. government actions. Maritime capabilities of the United States in the Arctic waters are views in the context of modern tendencies. The author attempted to trace the prospects for expansion of U.S. influence in the Arctic Region based on the current agenda of 2019.

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Some issues of cooperation between Russia and China in the Arctic

Izvestia of Saratov University New Series Series Sociology Politology ◽

10.18500/1818-9601-2021-21-3-335-339 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 335-339

Author(s):

Elena S. Novikova ◽

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Anna V. Kripak ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Arctic Region ◽

The United States ◽

The Arctic ◽

Economic Relations ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Arctic Region

The article is devoted to the consideration of the reasons and a number of areas of cooperation between Russia and China in the Arctic region. The importance of this region for Russia and China is analyzed. The advantages of the Arctic for the two countries in terms of territory, economy, and politics are revealed. The conclusion is made about the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the exacerbation of the crisis of political and economic relations between China, Russia, and the United States.

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China’s Arctic Policy: Challenges to Regional Security (1990s – 2020s)

Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki ◽

10.15407/mzu2021.30.377 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 377-388

Author(s):

Oleksandr Horobets ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Large Scale ◽

Arctic Region ◽

The United States ◽

The Arctic ◽

Regional Security ◽

The World ◽

Arctic Policy ◽

The Arctic Region

The article analyzes the evolution of China's Arctic policy, which has expanded over three decades from individual polar research to observer status in the Arctic Council and the existence of a state Arctic strategy. China and Russia have established mutually beneficial cooperation in the Arctic region in such conditions, when in many areas there are fundamental contradictions between the countries. The West did not have a long-term strategy capable of responding to current security challenges, including in the Arctic. When Russia tried to regain lost positions on the world stage in 2007-2008, China became an increasingly influential player in the world. If before the Arctic had been outside the lines of rivalry for decades, the question of the Far North as an arena of military competition began to take first place. China has become a long-term threat to both the United States and Russia. In previous years, with the help of the China, Moscow had the opportunity to receive the necessary investments and technologies for large-scale Arctic projects. The more Beijing attempts to establish itself as an influential player in the Arctic, the more the threat to other Arctic countries will grow. The Russian Federation has positioned itself as a leader in the region. The country's policy was aimed at strengthening this status through regional control and expansion of the military presence. This led to a response from the United States and NATO countries. In Russia it was assessed as a threat. The question arises as to what the strategy of the United States should be, and whether it will be possible to resist the costly arms race. If not, then the competition will be concentrated in the political and economic spheres. A particular aspect is the rapid militarization of the Arctic region after 2014, primarily due to changes in Russia's military strategy, which extends to the North. This has led to the tensions between the United States and Russia. China has not yet resorted to expand its military power in the Arctic. China's policy of economic and infrastructural influence is opposed to military methods. The effectiveness of Chinese non-military methods of influence is assessed

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Russia, NATO and the Arctic: Rivalry, Security, Possible Scenarios of Geopolitical Competition

Vestnik RUDN International Relations ◽

10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-4-758-771 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 758-771

Author(s):

Igor A. Arzhanov

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Arctic Region ◽

The United States ◽

The Arctic ◽

The Usa ◽

Northern Territories ◽

The One ◽

Key Aspects ◽

Military Activity ◽

The Arctic Region

The article is devoted to the analysis of key aspects of the geopolitical struggle for the Arctic region. The relevance of the research stems from the fact that due to climate change and the reduction of ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere, the Arctic is of increasing interest to world powers, which are competing for control over new deposits of natural resources and strategic dominance in the region. It is emphasized that the Arctic has become a region where leading states are trying to implement various geopolitical strategies. On the one hand, the four members of the Arctic Five under the auspices of NATO are trying to implement a scenario in which the polar zone is divided into stable zones of influence. On the other hand, there are the interests and position of Russia, which is concerned about the increased military activity of the United States and NATO in the region. The purpose of the article is to study the problems of the Arctic militarization, which will make it possible to identify challenges and threats in this region for Russias national strategy. The research methodology is based on theoretical analysis and dialectical method. In addition, the study used formal logical methods and various approaches to information processing (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction). The forecasting method helped to determine the range of possible military and political trends in the region. The article identifies the potential interests of Russia, the United States and NATO in the context of increased attention to the Arctic region in recent years. The study reflects a comparative analysis of the policies and interests of the member states of the Arctic Five and NATO, namely Denmark, Canada, Norway and the USA, their practical steps in the High North. The author describes possible prospects for interaction and dialogue on countering the main threats to international security within the framework of a comprehensive strategy. Considering the role and rivalry between Russia and NATO in the Arctic, the article highlights the authors forecasts of further military and political presence of NATO in the Arctic and the necessary actions for Russia to defend its northern territories.

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Evolution of the US Arctic Policy

Post-Soviet Issues ◽

10.24975/2313-8920-2021-8-1-54-64 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 54-64

Author(s):

A. V. Borisov ◽

I. V. Rovinskaya

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Regional Cooperation ◽

Environmental Issues ◽

Arctic Region ◽

The United States ◽

The Arctic ◽

The Us ◽

The Status ◽

Arctic Policy ◽

The Arctic Region

The article examines the development of the US Arctic policy which is reflected in the US strategic documents. The author examines the evolution of doctrinal purposes from those focusing on environmental issues and regional cooperation to those focusing on logistics, security and military infrastructure. The evolution of the US strategic documents is considered in the context of the activities of such actors as Russia, Canada, China and a number of international organizations in the Arctic region. Contradictions and existing and prospective areas of cooperation are noted. The author shows the immutability of the US key strategic guidelines of the United States aimed at securing the status of an Arctic power for the United States and ensuring the promotion and protection of the US interests in the region.

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USA, Russia and European Countries in the Arctic: Cooperation or Confrontation?

Russia and America in the 21st Century ◽

10.18254/s207054760017799-5 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0

Author(s):

Valerii Zhuravel

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Arctic Region ◽

The United States ◽

The Arctic ◽

The North ◽

Military Presence ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Military ◽

The Arctic Region

Based on the analysis of the military-political and operational situation in the Arctic region, the article reveals the actual and potential threats to the national security of the Russian Federation from the United States and the countries of the NATO bloc. The directions of strengthening the military presence in the Arctic of the Arctic states and other alliance countries are characterised. It is emphasised that the North of Norway is becoming one of the most militarised regions in Scandinavia. It is concluded that the activation of NATO in the High North may lead to a reconfiguration of relations in the security sphere. The article reveals the measures of the Russian Federation to strengthen the defence capability in the Arctic direction, protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and normalise the situation and relations between Russia and the United States.

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Nuclear icebreaker fleet and power supply on the basis of floating power units

Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki ◽

10.21499/2078-4023-2018--4-110-113 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 110-113

Author(s):

V. A. Tupchienko ◽

H. G. Imanova

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Power Supply ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Arctic Region ◽

Nuclear Industry ◽

The Arctic ◽

Far North ◽

The Arctic Region

The article deals with the problem of the development of the domestic nuclear icebreaker fleet in the context of the implementation of nuclear logistics in the Arctic. The paper analyzes the key achievements of the Russian nuclear industry, highlights the key areas of development of the nuclear sector in the Far North, and identifies aspects of the development of mechanisms to ensure access to energy on the basis of floating nuclear power units. It is found that Russia is currently a leader in the implementation of the nuclear aspect of foreign policy and in providing energy to the Arctic region.

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