scholarly journals The influence of training load, exposure to match play and sleep duration on daily wellbeing measures in youth athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (21) ◽  
pp. 2431-2437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sawczuk ◽  
Ben Jones ◽  
Sean Scantlebury ◽  
Kevin Till
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Load Exposure

scholarly journals Relationships Between Training Load, Sleep Duration, and Daily Well-Being and Recovery Measures in Youth Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sawczuk ◽  
Ben Jones ◽  
Sean Scantlebury ◽  
Kevin Till
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Simple Tool ◽  
Training Response ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
And Training

Purpose:To assess the relationships between training load, sleep duration, and 3 daily well-being, recovery, and fatigue measures in youth athletes.Methods:Fifty-two youth athletes completed 3 maximal countermovement jumps (CMJs), a daily well-being questionnaire (DWB), the perceived recovery status scale (PRS), and provided details on their previous day’s training loads (training) and self-reported sleep duration (sleep) on 4 weekdays over a 7-week period. Partial correlations, linear mixed models, and magnitude-based inferences were used to assess the relationships between the predictor variables (training and sleep) and the dependent variables (CMJ, DWB, and PRS).Results:There was no relationship between CMJ and training (r = −.09; ±.06) or sleep (r = .01; ±.06). The DWB was correlated with sleep (r = .28; ±.05, small), but not training (r = −.05; ±.06). The PRS was correlated with training (r = −.23; ±.05, small), but not sleep (r = .12; ±.06). The DWB was sensitive to low sleep (d = −0.33; ±0.11) relative to moderate; PRS was sensitive to high (d = −0.36; ±0.11) and low (d = 0.29; ±0.17) training relative to moderate.Conclusions:The PRS is a simple tool to monitor the training response, but DWB may provide a greater understanding of the athlete’s overall well-being. The CMJ was not associated with the training or sleep response in this population.

scholarly journals Impaired Sleep Mediates the Negative Effects of Training Load on Subjective Well-Being in Female Youth Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Watson ◽  
Stacey Brickson
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Female Youth ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Impaired Sleep

Background: Although increased training load (TL) and impaired sleep are associated with decreases in subjective well-being in adult athletes, these relationships among female youth athletes are unclear. It is unknown whether the effects of sleep and TL on well-being are independent or whether alterations in sleep mediate the effects of TL on subjective well-being. Hypothesis: Sleep and TL exert independent effects on subjective well-being among youth athletes, although alterations in sleep mediate a significant portion of the effect of TL on well-being in female youth athletes. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: A total of 65 female soccer athletes (age range, 13-18 years) were monitored for 1 year. Daily TL was determined by session rating of perceived exertion and converted to z-scores. Every morning, participants recorded sleep duration in hours and rated stress, mood, fatigue, and soreness on a scale from −3 to +3 (worst to best). Linear mixed-effects models and mediation analysis were used to evaluate the independent effects of TL and sleep on well-being. Results: Average sleep duration was 7.9 ± 1.4 hours during the study period. In the multivariable model, TL and sleep duration were independently associated with fatigue (TL: β = −0.19, P < 0.001; sleep: β = 0.15, P < 0.001), mood (TL: β = −0.030, P = 0.014; sleep: β = 0.13, P < 0.001), stress (TL: β = −0.055, P = 0.001; sleep: β = 0.13, P < 0.001), and soreness (TL: β = −0.31, P < 0.001; sleep: β = 0.022, P = 0.042). Sleep duration mediated a significant portion of the effect of TL on mood (26.8%, P < 0.001), fatigue (12.6%, P < 0.001), and stress (24.5%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Among female youth athletes, decreased sleep duration and increased TL are independently associated with impairments of subjective well-being. In addition, decreased sleep mediates a significant portion of the negative effect of increases in TL on subjective well-being. Clinical Relevance: Monitoring and promoting sleep among female adolescent athletes may significantly improve subjective well-being, particularly during periods of increased TL.

scholarly journals Training load and match-play demands in basketball based on competition level: A systematic review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. e0229212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Petway ◽  
Tomás T. Freitas ◽  
Julio Calleja-González ◽  
Daniel Medina Leal ◽  
Pedro E. Alcaraz
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Competition Level

scholarly journals The current landscape of youth multi-sport training: athlete and parent insight data

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110418
Author(s):  
Nicola J Robinson ◽  
Stephen J McQuilliam ◽  
Timothy F Donovan ◽  
Carl Langan-Evans ◽  
Amy Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Sport Training ◽  
Session Duration ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Sport Mode

The intent to improve a youth athlete’s ability is developed through structured focused training in the competencies within their sport. To date there is little evidence around how multi-discipline youth athletes organise their training load (TL) outlook in a multitude of sports. The aim of this study was to analyse the daily TL, distribution and wellness in aspiring 10-15yr old pentathletes (n = 31) over 152 ± 35 days. Athletes completed daily reports documenting sport mode, session duration, session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) and wellness (sleep, stress, mood, fatigue, muscle soreness). Parental understanding of training periodisation was used to contextualise the athletes training patterns (n = 15) through semi-structured interviews. Weekly training duration was 5 h 59 min ± 3 h 38 min. The swimming discipline dominates the overall time spent training (50.5%). Pentathlon specific TL was significantly higher in the 14–15 yrs (3000 ± 1207 AUT) in comparison to 10–11 yrs (1837 ± 874 AUT). Weekly micro TL fluctuations showed significant peaks on the weekend compared to Tuesday and Friday (p < 0.05). Wellness scores were significantly worse on Monday to Wednesdays (p < 0.05), compared to Fridays. Parent interviews suggest a multitude of coach input from solo disciplines over a typical week, with little inter-coach discussions. In conclusion there is little structure on a micro or macro level in youth pentathletes training showing multiple-coach input with little coach crossover. Implications for the training/competition is based around convenience/holidays/availability of resources rather than overall individual development, which suggests the potential need for an early specialisation approach to support athletes within this style of multi-discipline sport.

scholarly journals Decreased Sleep Is an Independent Predictor of In-Season Injury in Male Collegiate Basketball Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 232596712096448
Author(s):  
Andrew Watson ◽  
Micah Johnson ◽  
Jennifer Sanfilippo
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Multivariable Models ◽  
Collegiate Basketball

Background: Although decreased sleep has been associated with decreased performance, increased illness risk, and impaired well-being in athletes, the relationship between sleep and injury risk in collegiate athletes is unknown. Purpose/Hypothesis: To evaluate the independent effects of sleep duration and subjective well-being on in-season injury in male collegiate basketball athletes. We hypothesized that decreased sleep would be associated with an increased risk of in-season injury. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: During 2 consecutive seasons, 19 male National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I basketball players reported mood, fatigue, stress, soreness, sleep duration (hours), and previous day’s training load every morning. Well-being measures were recorded on a scale from 0 (worst) to 5 (best), and all time-loss injuries were recorded by the team athletic trainer. Separate mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to evaluate the effects of sleep and subjective well-being on in-season injury, with adjustment for same-day training load and individual repeated measures. To determine the independence of sleep and well-being as predictors of injury, each well-being variable was included in a separate mixed-effects logistic regression model, with sleep and training load as covariates. Results: During the study period, 32 injuries were recorded. In the initial separate prediction models, in-season injury was significantly predicted by mood (odds ratio [OR], 0.50; 95% CI, 0.37-0.66), fatigue (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.33-0.59), stress (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42-0.76), soreness (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.32-0.54), and sleep duration (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.49-0.66) ( P < .001 for all). In the multivariable models, sleep duration remained a significant, independent predictor in each of the subsequent multivariable models (OR, 0.52-0.69; P < .001 for all) as did soreness (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.95; P = .024), whereas mood (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.76-1.9; P = .43), fatigue (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.65-1.9; P = .68), and stress (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.75-1.5; P = .69) were no longer significant. Conclusion: Increased sleep duration is independently associated with a reduced risk of in-season injury in male collegiate basketball players, even after adjustment for training load and subjective well-being. The effects of mood, fatigue, and stress on injury were no longer evident after adjustment for the effect of sleep duration.

scholarly journals LACK OF SLEEP AMONG YOUTH ATHLETES IS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER PREVALENCE OF SELF-REPORTED HISTORY OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2325967119S0008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Stracciolini ◽  
Caitlin M. McCracken ◽  
Matthew D. Milewski ◽  
Bill Meehan
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: The importance of sleep in children, and the relationship to mental and physical health, is under recognized. The physical and emotional demands of sports participation may contribute positively and negatively to sleep quality and quantity. Aim: To investigate sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and mental health in youth athletes. Hypotheses: 1. The majority of youth athletes will not meet the current age based recommendations for sleep duration. 2. Athletes not meeting the current sleep recommendation will have an increased prevalence of anxiety/depression, and have greater daytime sleepiness scores. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Methods: Questionnaire data were analyzed from an injury prevention evaluation (IPE) at a sports injury prevention center affiliated with a tertiary level pediatric medical center between April 2013 and February 2018. Reason for playing was coded into thematic categories. Fun related responses include: to have fun, to make friends, to be part of a team, enjoyment/love etc. Goal oriented reasons include: to win a championship, college or scholarship purposes, to compete to control my weight, to be strong etc. BMI was adjusted by age and sex using ranges recommended by the Center for Disease Control. Anxiety and or depression is measured by a clinician diagnoses but was self-reported by the participant. Homework was measured as total hours spent during weeknights and was measured by categories in three hour units; each category composed approximately 25% of participants. Main outcome measures included sleep duration, scores on daytime sleepiness scale, self-reported anxiety and, self-reported depression. Age, sex, BMI, reasons for playing sports (fun related versus goal oriented), hours of homework per week, and internet access were also analyzed. Results: 756 athletes, =18 years old (mean age 13.5±2.5 yrs.) were included; 56% (N=426) were female. Overall 39% (N= 296) of athletes were not getting the age recommended amount of sleep. Among athletes 6-12 years old, 26% were not meeting the sleep recommendation for age, compared to 45% of 13-18-year-old athletes (p<0.01). Female athletes (44% vs. 33%, p<0.01) and athletes with either depression and/or anxiety (62% vs. 37%, p<0.01) were less likely to meet sleep recommendations. Athletes also appeared less likely to meet the current sleep recommendation if they reported a prior sport-related injury (44% vs. 37%, p=0.05), goal-oriented reasons for playing sports (52% vs. 35%, p<0.01), night time internet access (51% vs. 28%, p<0.01), and as number of weeknight homework hours increase (0-3 hours (22%) compared to 11+ hours (64%); p<0.01). After adjusting for age, gender, injury history, nighttime internet access, and hours of homework per week, the odds of not meeting the recommended amount of sleep increased with age (OR=1.29, 95% CI, 1.2 -1.4, p<0.01). Athletes reporting past diagnoses of anxiety and/or depression had higher odds of not meeting the sleep recommendation (OR 1.92, CI 1.0 – 3.6, p<0.05) and increased daytime sleepiness (ß=2.83, 95% SE 0.7, p<0.01). Goal driven athletes had 1.63 the odds of not meeting the sleep recommendation (CI 1.1-2.4, p<0.05), but were not significantly different from their counterparts with regards to daytime sleepiness scale scores. When stratified by age group, the odds of not meeting the recommended amount of sleep increased among older athletes (OR=1.29, 95% CI, 1.2 -1.4, p<0.01). Middle-school athletes with a self reported history of anxiety and/or depression had a greater likelihood of not meeting the sleep recommendation (OR = 4.49,95% CI, 1.2 – 18.1, p<0.05) and also had higher daytime sleepiness scores (OR=3.19, 95% SE, 1.5, p<0.05). Only daytime sleepiness increased among high school aged athletes with anxiety/depression (ß=3.0, 95% SE, 0.8, p<0.01) Conclusions: Female athletes, those who play sports for goal-oriented reasons, and those with a history of anxiety/depression are at increased risk of not meeting current sleep recommendations. Among middle school aged athletes, self reported history of anxiety and or depression has an even larger impact on sleep.

scholarly journals Validity of Retrospective Session Rating of Perceived Exertion to Quantify Training Load in youth Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1975-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Scantlebury ◽  
Kevin Till ◽  
Tom Sawczuk ◽  
Padraic Phibbs ◽  
Ben Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Youth Athletes

scholarly journals The Effect of Autoregulated Flywheel and Traditional Strength Training on Training Load Progression and Motor Skill Performance in Youth Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3479
Author(s):  
Niklas Westblad ◽  
Henrik Petré ◽  
Andreas Kårström ◽  
Niklas Psilander ◽  
Glenn Björklund
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Youth Athletes

Background: The effects of flywheel resistance training (FRT) on youth are relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of autoregulated FRT with traditional strength training (TST) on jumping, running performance and resistance training load progression in youth athletes. Thirty youth athletes (11.8 ± 0.9 yr) were matched for peak height velocity (PHV) status and block-randomised into two groups: FRT (n = 15, PHV −0.8 ± 1.6) and TST (n = 15, PHV −0.8 ± 1.5). Twelve resistance training sessions over a six-week intervention with flywheel or barbell squats were performed using autoregulated load prescription. Squat jump (SJ); countermovement jump (CMJ); and 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprints were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The external load increased similarly for FRT and TST (z = 3.8, p = 0.06). SJ increased for both groups (p < 0.05) but running performance was unaffected (p > 0.05). Conclusions: FRT resulted in similar load progression and motor skill development in youth athletes as TST, but the perceived exertion was less. Autoregulation is a practical method for adjusting training load during FRT and should be considered as an alternative to autoregulated TST.

scholarly journals Evaluating match running performance in elite Australian football: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Wing ◽  
Nicolas H. Hart ◽  
Fadi Ma’ayah ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Final Evaluation ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Well Design ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Rotation Strategy

AbstractDuring Australian football (AF) matches, players are subjected to high running loads, which are intermittent in nature. There is a growing body of research that highlights factors which can both positively and negatively affect this match running performance (e.g., the total distance travelled by a player during match-play). In order to appropriately evaluate these factors, a thorough search of MEDLINE, SportDiscus and Web of Science databases was performed, with a total of 17 manuscripts included within the final evaluation. The main findings from this review highlighted that match running performance is increased amongst those playing in midfield and half back/forward positions, in players with lower playing experience, as well as in matches against higher quality opponents, and in losing quarters. Additionally, a well-design interchange-rotation strategy may be able to positively affect match running performance. A decrease in match running performance was evident amongst more experienced players, during periods of acute fatigue (e.g., following periods of high intensity activity), during matches played in higher temperatures and matches with an increased number of stoppages. However, no effect of ground hardness or size, as well as responses to self-reported wellness questionnaires was found. Other factors such as finals series matches, pre-season training load and elements related to the schedule have been shown to have substantial conflicting results within the literature, increasing the difficulty in making generalisable conclusions to their effect on match running performance. Developing a thorough understanding of these factors which affect match running performance can aid practitioners and coaches to gain a greater understanding of a player’s performance as well as inform the development of strategies for its improvement.

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