CONSIDERING ONLINE TRAINING: RESPONSE AND EXPECTATION IN THE PANDEMIC COVID-19

E-learning in the training is becoming inevitability with condition changes due to pandemics. However, it urges the researcher to study some comparison on how the training actors give responses and expectation towards the conventional face-to-face model which once was prima donna. This study uses descriptive analytical studies and the data taken from questionnaires against 187 training participants as respondents, 7 committees, and 12 trainers or widyaiswaras. The data is processed and analyzed by using SPSS. The results yielded that the average scores of distance learning were more dominant (greater) than those in classical for all respondent’s categories (the committees, widyaiswaras, and participants). The study shows a tendency that distance training is more effective compared to classical training.

Retrospective Analysis of Training and Its Response in Marathon Finishers Based on Fitness App Data

Objective: Finishing a marathon requires to prepare for a 42.2 km run. Current literature describes which training characteristics are related to marathon performance. However, which training is most effective in terms of a performance improvement remains unclear.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of training responses during a 16 weeks training period prior to an absolved marathon. The analysis was performed on unsupervised fitness app data (Runtastic) from 6,771 marathon finishers. Differences in training volume and intensity between three response and three marathon performance groups were analyzed. Training response was quantified by the improvement of the velocity of 10 km runs Δv10 between the first and last 4 weeks of the training period. Response and marathon performance groups were classified by the 33.3rd and 66.6th percentile of Δv10 and the marathon performance time, respectively.Results: Subjects allocated in the faster marathon performance group showed systematically higher training volume and higher shares of training at low intensities. Only subjects in the moderate and high response group increased their training velocity continuously along the 16 weeks of training.Conclusion: We demonstrate that a combination of maximized training volumes at low intensities, a continuous increase in average running speed up to the aimed marathon velocity and high intensity runs ≤ 5 % of the overall training volume was accompanied by an improved 10 km performance which likely benefited the marathon performance as well. The study at hand proves that unsupervised workouts recorded with fitness apps can be a valuable data source for future studies in sport science.

Histamine H1 and H2 receptors are essential transducers of the integrative exercise training response in humans

Exercise training is a powerful strategy to prevent and combat cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, although the integrative nature of the training-induced adaptations is not completely understood. We show that chronic blockade of histamine H1/H2 receptors led to marked impairments of microvascular and mitochondrial adaptations to interval training in humans. Consequently, functional adaptations in exercise capacity, whole-body glycemic control, and vascular function were blunted. Furthermore, the sustained elevation of muscle perfusion after acute interval exercise was severely reduced when H1/H2 receptors were pharmaceutically blocked. Our work suggests that histamine H1/H2 receptors are important transducers of the integrative exercise training response in humans, potentially related to regulation of optimal post-exercise muscle perfusion. These findings add to our understanding of how skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system adapt to exercise training, knowledge that will help us further unravel and develop the exercise-is-medicine concept.

Blood Leukocytes in Young and Aged Rats After Whole Body Cryostimulation (–120°C)

The whole body cryostimulation (WBC) (–120°C) induces significant changes in blood leukocyte parameters in young and aged rats (total leukocyte number (leukocytosis or leukopenia); quantitative and qualitative correlation of their types, and shift direction in leukocyte formula); appearance of immature, plasm and polychromatophilic cells, cytoplasm plasmatization in some leukocytes, and changes in the integral leukocyte indices. The direction and severity of these changes depend on animals age (6–7 or 18–20 months old), number of the WBC sessions (1, 2 or 3), terms of observation (day and week) and mainly indicates physiological alterations in a body, that may be associated with the strain of involved functional systems and stress. In aged rats only, 24 hrs after the 2nd WBC session the lymphocyte percentage corresponded to a lower control value, thus indicating the training response formation at this stage. The integral leukocyte indices of aged rats underwent considerably smaller changes if compared with the young ones, especially in 24 hrs and a week after the WBC; the Garkavi adaptation index increased only in aged rats and just 24 hrs after the 3rd WBC session.

Recovery from Different High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols: Comparing Well-Trained Women and Men

Due to physiological and anatomical sex differences, there are variations in the training response, and the recovery periods following exercise may be different. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols are well-suited to differentially investigate the course of recovery. This study was conducted to determine sex-specific differences in the recovery following HIIT intervals interspersed with recovery phases of different lengths. Methods: Well-trained cyclists and triathletes (n = 11 females, n = 11 males) participated in this study. There were no significant sex differences in maximal heart rate (HR), relative peak power to body mass and fat-free mass, training volume, and VO2max-percentiles (females: 91.8 ± 5.5 %, males: 94.6 ± 5.4 %). A 30 s Wingate test was performed four times, separated by different active recovery periods (1, 3, or 10 min). Lactate, HR, oxygen uptake, and subjective rating of exertion and recovery were determined. Results: For the recovery time of three and ten minutes, men showed significantly higher lactate concentrations (p = 0.04, p = 0.004). Contrary, HR recovery and subjective recovery were significant slower in women than in men. Conclusion: During HIIT, women may be more resistant to fatigue and have a greater ability to recover metabolically, but have a slower HR and subjective recovery.

Adaptive homeostasis in pregnant women with moderate preeclampsia

Objective. To study the features of adaptive homeostasis in women with normal pregnancy and moderate preeclampsia (MPE). Patients and methods. Sixty-eight pregnant women were under study. General non-specific adaptive responses and adaptive cardiovascular responses were examined in 30 women with normal pregnancy and in 38 women with MPE. Results. Both general and organ adaptive responses were found to have a close correlation with the course of labor, the immediate postpartum period, and perinatal outcomes. Identification of general non-specific adaptive responses in the group of patients with MPE indicated the development of moderate stress response in 37%. Anti-stress responses accounted for 67%, mostly due to the training response. Conclusion. The analysis of comprehensive indicators of systemic and organ adaptation in pregnant women with MPE revealed the maladaptation of their regulatory mechanisms and signs of exhaustion of adaptation and energy reserves. The detected changes in systemic and organ adaptation have a negative effect on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Key words: moderate preeclampsia, adaptation, course of labor, prenatal outcomes

You've got to be in it to win it: the importance of including female athletes in screening ECG cohorts

Background ECG screening is widely employed in athletic populations with the aim of identifying cardiac conditions associated with sudden death. Recommendations for athlete ECG interpretation are disproportionately reliant on data from male athletes and sex-specific differences have not been adequately elucidated. Purpose The aim of this study is to identify any different patterns in female athletic training response on ECG screening. Methods 444 elite athletes (156 male rowers, 135 female rowers, 117 male cricketers, 36 female cricketers) underwent electrocardiogram (ECG) screening. Standard definitions were used to characterize abnormalities identified on ECG. Comparisons were made according to sex and endurance (rowing) vs skill-based (cricket) athletes (EA and SBA respectively). Results “Potentially pathological” T-wave inversion extending to V3 was more prevalent in female athletes (9.9% vs. 2.9%, P=0.002), especially amongst endurance athletes (11.9% female EA vs. 2.8% female SBA, P=0.004) (Figure 1). As compared with males, the QTc interval was longer in female athletes (418 vs. 402ms), the QRS duration was shorter (90 vs. 100 ms) and left ventricular hypertrophy on voltage criteria were less prevalent (9.9% vs. 33.3%, P<0.001 for all). First-degree heart block and incomplete right bundle branch block were more prevalent amongst male athletes. Conclusion Female athletes exhibit different training-related cardiac remodelling responses to exercise compared to males. A greater proportion of ostensibly healthy female athletes, especially female endurance athletes, have ECG changes that would be deemed “potentially pathological” according to current sex-agnostic guidelines. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None