The Role of Colour in Implicit and Explicit Memory Performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vernon ◽  
Toby J. Lloyd-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Object Decision ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Recognition Efficiency ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

We present two experiments that examine the effects of colour transformation between study and test (from black and white to colour and vice versa, or from incorrectly coloured to correctly coloured and vice versa) on implicit and explicit measures of memory for diagnostically coloured natural objects (e.g., yellow banana). For naming and coloured-object decision (i.e., deciding whether an object is correctly coloured), there were shorter response times to correctly coloured-objects than to black-and-white and incorrectly coloured-objects. Repetition priming was equivalent for the different stimulus types. Colour transformation did not influence priming of picture naming, but for coloured-object decision priming was evident only for objects remaining the same from study to test. This was the case for both naming and coloured-object decision as study tasks. When participants were asked to consciously recognize objects that they had named or made coloured-object decisions to previously, whilst ignoring their colour, colour transformation reduced recognition efficiency. We discuss these results in terms of the flexibility of object representations that mediate priming and recognition.

Implicit and explicit measures of the sensory and hedonic analysis of beer: The role of tasting expertise

2021 ◽  
pp. 110873
Author(s):  
Irene Hinojosa-Aguayo ◽  
David Garcia-Burgos ◽  
Andrés Catena ◽  
Felisa González
Keyword(s):  
Hedonic Analysis ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

scholarly journals Predicting Contamination Aversion Using Implicit and Explicit Measures of Disgust and Threat Overestimation

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Rouel ◽  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Evelyn Smith
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Contamination Fear ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Explicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation have consistently been found to be involved in contamination aversion. However, evidence of the involvement of these factors at the implicit level is mixed, and the role of both responses has not been looked at concurrently. This study aimed to compare the ability of implicit and explicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation to predict contamination aversion and whether this depends on the type of contaminant. Sixty-five participants completed explicit and implicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation, as well as several measures of contamination aversion, including obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and contamination fear and avoidance of contaminants directly associated with disease (direct contaminants) and harmful substances (harm contaminants). It was found that both explicit disgust and explicit threat overestimation predicted contamination-fear obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Explicit disgust predicted contamination fear and avoidance of direct contaminants, whereas explicit threat overestimation predicted contamination fear and avoidance of harm contaminants. The involvement of implicit processes was weak, with some suggestion of difficulty disengaging predicting avoidance of contaminants. Implications for understanding dysfunctional contamination aversion are discussed.

Levels of Processing Effects on Implicit and Explicit Memory Tasks

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben R. Newell ◽  
Sally Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Target Stimulus ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
Depth Of Processing ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Processing Effects ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. One interpretation of levels of processing effects (LOP) on priming in implicit tests of memory is in terms of deficits in lexical processing during shallow study tasks. In two experiments the extent of lexical processing engaged in during standard shallow encoding tasks was manipulated by placing the encoding question either before or after the target stimulus. Clear evidence was found in explicit memory tasks that placing the question after the target stimulus increased the depth of processing of words presented in shallow encoding tasks. In contrast, there was no evidence of such an effect on the priming observed in implicit memory tasks. The results suggest that the role of lexical processing in LOP effects on priming requires further specification.

The effects of divided attention on implicit and explicit memory performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Schmitter-Edgecombe
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Attention Condition ◽  
Full Attention ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study explored the nature of the relationship between attention available at learning and subsequent implicit and explicit memory performance. One hundred neurologically normal subjects rated their liking of target words on a five-point scale. Half of the subjects completed the word-rating task in a full attention condition and the other half performed the task in a divided attention condition. Following administration of the word-rating task, all subjects completed five memory tests, three implicit (category association, tachistoscopic identification, and perceptual clarification) and two explicit (semantic-cued recall and graphemic-cucd recall), each bearing on a different subset of the list of previously presented target words. The results revealed that subjects in the divided attention condition performed significantly more poorly than subjects in the full attention condition on the explicit memory measures. In contrast, there were no significant group differences in performance on the implicit memory measures. These findings suggest that the attention to an episode that is necessary to produce later explicit memory may differ from that necessary to produce unconscious influences. The relationship between implicit memory, neurologic injury, and automatic processes is discussed. (JINS, 1996, 2, 111–125.)

scholarly journals Harmful Attributions: The Role of Mind Perception

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 788-809
Author(s):  
Caroline Silva ◽  
Chia-Jung Tsay
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Accidental Injury ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Target Individual ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Introduction: Drawing from literature in social and clinical psychology, we explore mechanisms associated with the lack of empathy for people who engage in self-injurious behaviors. Methods: Using implicit and explicit measures across three samples, we tested whether knowledge of prior self-injury impacts observers' empathy, perceived agency, perspective taking, and willingness to help a target individual. Results: We found in Studies 1-2 that observers report decreased empathy, perceive less agency, and make more dispositional attributions toward a person who engages in deliberate self-injury, compared to accidental injury. Study 3 indicates that observers perceive a target who engaged in deliberate self-injury to have lower agency. Furthermore, when evaluating a target who has been victimized, observers report less empathy, compassion, and likelihood of helping if the target has a history of deliberate self-injury. Perceived agency accounted for decreased empathy, whereas empathy accounted for lower likelihood of helping. Discussion: Our findings imply that observers may be better able to empathize with people with a history of self-injury if they focus on the agency of the indi-vidual and situational causal explanations for the behavior.

The role of chronic physical exercise and selective attention at encoding on implicit and explicit memory

Memory ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1026-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepción Padilla ◽  
Julia Mayas ◽  
Soledad Ballesteros ◽  
Pilar Andrés
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

No Sex Differences in Memory Formation during General Anesthesia

2006 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 920-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Stonell ◽  
Kate Leslie ◽  
Cheng He ◽  
Leonard Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Bispectral Index ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Background Women respond differently to anesthesia than men, initially recovering more rapidly, but having more postoperative morbidity. Studies on surgical patients report evidence of memory formation during anesthesia. However, sex differences in memory formation have not been explored. Therefore, the authors investigated sex differences in the implicit and explicit memory formation during general anesthesia. Methods With ethics committee approval, 120 consenting adult patients scheduled to undergo surgery during general anesthesia were recruited. Intraoperatively, 16 target words were presented to patients via headphones, and the Bispectral Index was recorded. Postoperatively, memory for presented words was tested using a word stem completion test. The test was divided into inclusion and exclusion parts, to delineate implicit and explicit memory contributions. Results Target and distracter hit rates were similar in men and women. For the whole study group, there was a significant difference between inclusion target hit rate (0.42) and base hit rate (0.39) (P = 0.01). Buchner's model suggested that this memory formation was attributable to both implicit and explicit memory. A Bispectral Index value greater than 50 was the only significant predictor of inclusion target hit rate. None of the patients were able to consciously recall the words presented during surgery. Conclusions Patients showed greater memory performance for words presented during general anesthesia than for words not presented. However, sex differences in memory formation were not observed. A relation between hypnotic state and memory during sevoflurane anesthesia was also established, suggesting that memory formation is possible even at hypnotic depths considered to be adequate anesthesia.

An Investigation of Learning during Propofol Sedation and Anesthesia Using the Process Dissociation Procedure

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1418-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare L. Stapleton ◽  
Jackie Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Word List ◽  
Process Dissociation ◽  
Process Dissociation Procedure ◽  
Completion Test ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Word Stem Completion ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Background Many studies have shown that patients may remember words learned during apparently adequate anesthesia. Performance on memory tests may be influenced by explicit and implicit memory. We used the process dissociation procedure to estimate implicit and explicit memory for words presented during sedation or anesthesia. Methods We investigated intraoperative learning in 72 women undergoing pervaginal oocyte collection during propofol and alfentanil infusion. One word list was played once before infusion, another was played 10 times during surgery. Venous blood was taken for propofol assay at the end of the intraoperative list. Behavioral measures of anesthetic depth (eyelash reflex, hand squeeze response to command) were recorded and used to adjust the dose of anesthetic where clinically appropriate. On recovery, memory was assessed using an auditory word stem completion test with inclusion and exclusion instructions. Results The mean blood propofol concentration was 2.5 microg/ml (median, 2.3 microg/ml; range, 0.7-6.1 microg/ml). Mean alfentanil dose was 2.1 mg (median, 2.0 mg; range, 1.2-3.4 mg). Comparison of target and distractor hits in the inclusion condition showed memory for preoperative words only. However, the process dissociation procedure estimates showed explicit (mean, 0.18; P < 0.001) and implicit (mean, 0.05; P < 0.05) memory for the preoperative words, and a small amount of explicit memory for the intraoperative words (mean, 0.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.10). Memory performance did not differ between the 17 patients who consistently responded to command and eyelash reflex and the 32 patients who remained unresponsive. Blood propofol concentration and alfentanil dose did not correlate with memory for the intraoperative list. Conclusions There was no unprompted recall of surgery, but the process dissociation procedure showed memory for words presented during surgery. This memory was apparently explicit but did not correlate with the measures of depth of anesthesia used.

The role of enactment in implicit and explicit memory

1995 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Nyberg ◽  
Lars-G�ran Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit
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