Human Vision Reconstructs Time to Satisfy Causal Constraints

The goal of perception is to infer the most plausible source of sensory stimulation. Unisensory perception of temporal order, however, appears to require no inference, because the order of events can be uniquely determined from the order in which sensory signals arrive. Here, we demonstrate a novel perceptual illusion that casts doubt on this intuition: In three experiments ( N = 607), the experienced event timings were determined by causality in real time. Adult participants viewed a simple three-item sequence, ACB, which is typically remembered as ABC in line with principles of causality. When asked to indicate the time at which events B and C occurred, participants’ points of subjective simultaneity shifted so that the assumed cause B appeared earlier and the assumed effect C later, despite participants’ full attention and repeated viewings. This first demonstration of causality reversing perceived temporal order cannot be explained by postperceptual distortion, lapsed attention, or saccades.

The Influence of the Gender Asterisk (“Gendersternchen”) on Comprehensibility and Interest

Recently, the gender asterisk (“Gendersternchen”) has become more widespread in grammatical gender languages in order to represent all genders. Such gender-fair language is intended to help better address women and other genders and make their interests and achievements more visible. Critics often argue this would make the language less comprehensible and less aesthetically appealing. Two experiments examined the effects of the gender asterisk on text comprehensibility, aesthetic perception, and interest. N = 159 and N = 127 participants were randomly provided with a text in either masculine-only form or alternatively in gender-fair language with the gender asterisk. The results of the first experiment showed no impairment of comprehensibility and aesthetic evaluation of the texts by the gender asterisk and no effect on interest in the game, while the second experiment showed significant impairments of comprehensibility, aesthetic evaluation, and interest in the game by the gender asterisk. The proportion of singular forms is discussed as a possible explanation for the different results. Experiment 1 predominantly used plural forms like die Spieler*innen (∼“the fe*male players”) and did not include forms such as der*die Spieler*in (∼“the*the fe*male player”), whereas Experiment 2 included many such more complex singular forms. We argue that this issue might be crucial, and that it deserves full attention in future studies.

Unusual Roman Iron Age burials on the Links of Pierowall, Westray, Orkney

Antiquarian accounts and surviving finds allow two Iron Age cist-burials found in the late 18th century on the Links of Pierowall on Westray, Orkney, to be reconstructed, although no details of the bodies survive (but both were most probably inhumations); the unusual finds have not previously received full attention. One burial contained a polished stone disc, used as a palette for grinding some valued substance, probably cosmetic, medical or narcotic. A review of the type emphasises its particular prevalence in northern Scotland, and places it within the wider context of an increase in artefacts linked to personal appearance and behaviour in the Roman Iron Age. The other burial contained a well-known Roman glass cup and a hitherto ignored ‘metal spoon’ which can reasonably be identified as a Roman import as well, plausibly of silver. Such spoons are rare import goods, known from rich burials beyond the frontier on continental Europe in the late 2nd and 3rd century AD. This suggests that the Roman world adopted similar approaches to its varied neighbours in terms of the goods offered in (most likely) political or diplomatic connections.

Flow theory: Advancing the two-dimensional conceptualization

This research advances the conceptualization and measurement of flow. The results of six studies (N = 2809) reveal that flow has two dimensions: “fluency,” which is comprised of experiences related to fluent thought and action; and “absorption,” which is based on sustained full attention. The results also demonstrate that the two dimensions have nuanced relationships with other variables. Specifically, while the fluency dimension is related to antecedents of flow (familiarity, skill, progress), the absorption dimension is not. Conversely, the absorption dimension was found to be strongly related to consequences of flow (behavioral intentions, presence), while the fluency dimension was not. Furthermore, we demonstrate that fluency-related experiences can give rise to the absorption-related experiences, which advances our understanding of how flow emerges. Finally, we develop a refined measure of flow called the two-dimensional-flow scale, and demonstrate its enhanced ability to capture variance in flow and other related variables in leisure contexts.

TYPE AND MEANING OF THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE FOUND IN NIKI’S SELECTED SONGS' LYRICS

Alfiyani, Wenny. 2021. Type and Meaning The Figurative Language Found in Niki Zefanya’s Selected Songs' Lyrics And its Contribution To Teaching Poetry. Final project English Study Program, Faculty of Language and Arts Educations, University of PGRI Semarang. This final project is based on the study, which attempted to the analysis of the Figurative language in Niki – Nicole Zefanya selected songs and its contribution to teaching poetry. The three songs were Lose, Indigo,and La La Lost You. The main purpose of this study was to found the types, the dominations, and the meaning of figurative languages used in the three songs, and also the contribution to teach poetry. This study expected to be a source for the English teachers to teach Poetry. This study is qualitative research, which analyzed the types and meaning of the figurative language found in Niki’s songs lyrics using Kennedy, X.J. and Gioia. D.’s theory (2005). The data of the research were collected by listening, watching, reading, identifying, analyzing, and classifying. The result of the study was there were seven types of figurative language found in the study. And they were metaphor hyperbole repetition simile apostrophe paradox allegory. The contributions of this by using songs lyrics to teaching poetry was could make a positive, relax, and full attention learning, more focus and absorb the material, bringing a sense of community, Improving memory, and enhance their imagination.

Werner Bergengruen (d. 1964) in Conversation with the Middle Ages: Significant Contributions to Twentieth-Century Medievalism

Medievalism has experienced an enormous popularity in the last decades, if not century, but the specific contributions by the Baltic German author Werner Bergengruen have not yet received full attention. In light of a selection of his novellas, we can identify him as a meaningful respondent to medieval themes, ideas, concepts, and values which he dealt with rather creatively, employing them for his own ethical, religious, or spiritual musings. Studying Bergengruen’s novellas makes it possible not only to familiarize ourselves once again with one of the most popular German authors from the mid-twentieth century who has unfairly lost in popular appeal maybe since ca. 1970. Through his novellas we also gain intriguing keys to open innovative perspectives toward a variety of literary and didactic texts from the Middle Ages, which are not simply imitated here, but emerge as critical catalysts or sources for Bergengruen’s own reflections on timeless human issues.

Sentence and the compound sentencein Julius Zeyer’s epic poetry and prose

The aim of this paper is to explore the use of the sentence and the compound sentence in the literary works of the Czech poet Julius Zeyer (1841–1901). Specifically, we intend to make a quantitative identification of congruencies and parallels, typical of the syntactic structure of Zeyer’s epic poetry and prose, as evidenced by a detailed analysis of particular stylistic devices used in the selected representative texts. The aim of this paper is to corroborate, or possibly to exclude, the impact of the selected narrative means of expression on the stylistic and compositional variances of the text, which is facilitated by paying full attention to one aspect of Zeyer’s authorial style, namely, the quantitative variation of sentences and compound sentences.

Peculiarities of Forming Rhetorical Questions by Adverbs in Chinese Language

The process of expression of rhetorical interrogative sentences in the current Chinese language and its root essence reflect the discrepancy of the two types of completion. Not only foreign students studying the Chinese language, but also the Chinese people themselves do not pay full attention to these concepts – a big mistake in the entire language system leads to the fact that they are overlooked. As for the sphere of influence of rhetorical interrogations in society, the methods that people often use in their speech when using such sentences, today serve to increase speech sensitivity. In this article, we consider it appropriate to examine the extent to which rhetorical interrogative pronouns are used.

On organizational forms of bone tuberculosis control in Tatarstan

We can note with great satisfaction the major achievements that our health organs have by this moment. Hundreds of new hospitals, many thousands of health centers, tens of thousands of nurseries and many different research institutions - these are the assets of Soviet health care. The question of the fight against tuberculosis also gained a lot of momentum. But we have one area which is not yet given full attention by the medical workers. This sphere is bone tuberculosis. A related and related to pulmonary tuberculosis disease, unfortunately, does not get the attention it deserves.

Compassion beyond fatigue: Contemplative training for people who serve others

Teachers and others in helping professions or social service are taught the importance of listening with full attention, relating to students and clients in their deep worth, and discerning their hidden strengths. They are also cautioned to avoid burn-out. But how are such professionals to access in themselves the capacities of motivation, connection, discernment, and equanimity that are needed to fulfill those tasks? This article describes a contemplative training program designed by Makransky for those who serve others: such as educators, social workers, therapists, healthcare providers, hospice workers and social justice activists. Meditation practices from Tibet are adapted to help people of all backgrounds and faiths ease into a state of simple presence and compassionate connection with others, both for their own replenishment and to be more effective in their work with students and clients.