scholarly journals Optimal Time-of-Day and Consolidation of Learning in Younger and Older Adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Hogan ◽  
Clare A. M. Kelly ◽  
Diarmuid Verrier ◽  
John Newell ◽  
Lynn Hasher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Optimal Time

Optimal Time of Day and the Magnitude of Age Differences in Memory

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 326-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia P. May ◽  
Lynn Hasher ◽  
Ellen R. Stoltzfus
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Late Afternoon

Across two studies comparing younger and older adults, age differences in optimal performance periods were identified (Study 1), and then shown to be an important determinant of memory differences (Study 2). A norming study showed that while most younger adults were Evening or Neutral types, as determined by a standard questionnaire, the vast majority of older adults were Morning types. A second study compared the recognition performance of younger and older adults tested in the morning or in the late afternoon. Substantial age differences were found in the late afternoon, when younger but not older adults were at their optimal times. However, no age differences in memory performance were found in the morning, when older but not younger adults were at their peak period. Thus, synchrony between optimal performance periods and the time at which testing is conducted may well be a critical variable in determining group differences in intellectual performance, particularly between older and younger adults.

Age and synchrony effects in performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire A. Lehmann ◽  
Anthony D. G. Marks ◽  
Tanya L. Hanstock
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning Test ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning ◽  
Learning Test

ABSTRACTBackground: There is evidence that individuals perform better on some memory tasks when tested at their preferred time of day, a phenomenon named the synchrony effect. There is also evidence of a predictable change from evening to morning preference during the adult life span. Together, these findings suggest that age effects on memory measures may be overestimated when time of testing is ignored. The aim of this study was to investigate whether synchrony effects could partially explain the well-documented age-related decline in performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT).Methods: Groups of 42 younger adults (aged 18–33 years) and 42 older adults (aged 55–71 years) were administered the RAVLT at either their optimal (n = 21) or non-optimal (n = 21) time of day.Results: Although both age groups benefited moderately from being tested at their optimal time, this effect was greater for older participants and extended to all facets of RAVLT performance except proactive interference. However, younger adults outperformed older adults on three of the five RAVLTs.Conclusions: These findings add to existing evidence of synchrony effects, particularly in memory functioning of older adults, and highlight the need for clinicians to consider optimal time of testing when administering and interpreting the RAVLT.

Time of day effects on the use of distraction to minimise forgetting

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 2334-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ka Wai Joan Ngo ◽  
Renée Katherine Biss ◽  
Lynn Hasher
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Task Instruction ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Attention Regulation ◽  
Cognitive Arousal ◽  
Circadian Arousal

Recent research found that implicit rehearsal of distraction can reduce forgetting for older adults, in part due to their inefficient regulation of irrelevant information. Here, we investigated whether young adults’ memory can also benefit from critical information presented as distraction. Participants recalled a list of words initially and then again after a 15-min delay, with some of the critical studied words exposed as distraction during the delay. We tested young adults at an optimal versus non-optimal time of day, the latter a condition intended to mirror patterns of those with reduced attention regulation. We also varied task instruction to assess whether awareness of an upcoming memory task would influence implicit rehearsal of distraction. The task instruction manipulation was ineffective, but desynchronising time of testing and period of optimal cognitive arousal resulted in a memory benefit. Young adults tested at a non-optimal time showed minimal forgetting of words repeated as distraction, while those tested at an optimal time showed no memory benefit for these items, consistent with research suggesting that attention regulation is greatly affected by circadian arousal.

scholarly journals The effects of optimal time of day on persuasion processes in older adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Yoon ◽  
Michelle P. Lee ◽  
Shai Danziger
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Optimal Time

scholarly journals Eyewitness identification performance is not affected by time-of-day optimality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergii Yaremenko ◽  
Melanie Sauerland ◽  
Lorraine Hope
Keyword(s):  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Identification Performance ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
Time Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Relationship

AbstractThe circadian rhythm regulates arousal levels throughout the day and determines optimal periods for engaging in mental activities. Individuals differ in the time of day at which they reach their peak: Morning-type individuals are at their best in the morning and evening types perform better in the evening. Performance in recall and recognition of non-facial stimuli is generally superior at an individual’s circadian peak. In two studies (Ns = 103 and 324), we tested the effect of time-of-testing optimality on eyewitness identification performance. Morning- and evening-type participants viewed stimulus films depicting staged crimes and made identification decisions from target-present and target-absent lineups either at their optimal or non-optimal time-of-day. We expected that participants would make more accurate identification decisions and that the confidence-accuracy and decision time-accuracy relationships would be stronger at optimal compared to non-optimal time of day. In Experiment 1, identification accuracy was unexpectedly superior at non-optimal compared to optimal time of day in target-present lineups. In Experiment 2, identification accuracy did not differ between the optimal and non-optimal time of day. Contrary to our expectations, confidence-accuracy relationship was generally stronger at non-optimal compared to optimal time of day. In line with our predictions, non-optimal testing eliminated decision-time-accuracy relationship in Experiment 1.

Does neighborhood built environment support older adults' daily steps differ by time of day?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 101234
Author(s):  
Ting-Fu Lai ◽  
Chia-Shuan Chang ◽  
Yung Liao ◽  
Ming-Chun Hsueh ◽  
Mohammad Javad Koohsari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Neighborhood Built Environment

scholarly journals An Examination of Circadian Impacts on Judgments

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 341-353
Author(s):  
David L. Dickinson ◽  
Andrew R. Smith ◽  
Robert McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Insufficient Sleep ◽  
Circadian Timing ◽  
Evidence Strength ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Many people suffer from insufficient sleep and the adverse effects of sleep deprivation are well documented. Research has shown that people’s judgments can be affected by circadian timing. Across three studies, we examined the impact of time-of-day on people’s judgments about hypothetical legal scenarios, hypothesizing that participants responding at a suboptimal time of day (3–5 a.m.) would give higher guilt ratings and be less sensitive to case information (e.g., evidence strength) than participants responding at a more optimal time of day (2–4 p.m.). Although the time-of-day manipulation influenced participants’ self-reported alertness levels, time-of-day did not affect guilt judgments or sensitivity to case information. This research adds to the literature on how extraneous factors may and may not impact probability assessments.

A personalised smartphone-delivered just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITABug) to increase physical activity in older adults: A feasibility pilot study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Louise Mair ◽  
Lawrence Hayes ◽  
Amy Campbell ◽  
Duncan Buchan ◽  
Chris Easton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Activity Tracker ◽  
Wearable Activity Tracker

BACKGROUND Just-in-time-adaptive-interventions (JITAIs) provide real-time ‘in the moment’ behaviour change support to people when they need it most. JITAIs could be a viable way to provide personalised physical activity support to older adults in the community. However, it is unclear how feasible it is to remotely deliver a physical activity intervention via a smartphone to older adults, or how acceptable older adults would find a JITAI targeting physical activity in everyday life. OBJECTIVE (1) to describe the development of “JITABug”, a personalised smartphone and activity tracker delivered JITAI designed to support older adults to increase or maintain their physical activity level; (2) to explore the acceptability of JITABug in a free-living setting, and (3) to assess the feasibility of conducting an effectiveness trial of the JITABug intervention. METHODS The intervention development process was underpinned by the Behaviour Change Wheel. The intervention consisted of a wearable activity tracker (Fitbit) and a companion smartphone app (JITABug) which delivered goal setting, planning, reminders, and just-in-time adaptive messages to encourage achievement of personalised physical activity goals. Message delivery was tailored based on time of day, real-time physical activity tracker data, and weather conditions. We tested the feasibility of remotely delivering the JITAI with older adults in a 6-week trial using a mixed-methods approach. Data collection involved assessment of physical activity by accelerometery and activity tracker, self-reported mood and mental wellbeing via ecological momentary assessment, and contextual information on physical activity via voice memos. Feasibility and acceptability outcomes included: (1) recruitment capability and adherence to the intervention; (2) intervention delivery ‘in the wild’; (3) appropriateness of data collection methodology; (4) adverse events and; (5) participant satisfaction. RESULTS Of 46 recruited older adults (aged 56-72 years old), 65% completed the intervention. The intervention was successfully delivered as intended; 27 participants completed the intervention independently, 94% of physical activity messages were successfully delivered, and 99% of Fitbit and 100% of weather data calls were successful. Wrist-worn accelerometer data were obtained from 96% at baseline and 96% at follow up. On average, participants recorded 8/16 (50%) voice memos, 3/8 (38%) mood assessments, and 2/4 (50%) wellbeing assessments via the app. Overall acceptability of the intervention was very good (77% satisfaction). Participant feedback suggested that more diverse and tailored physical activity messages, app usage reminders, technical refinements regarding real-time data syncing, and an improved user interface could improve the intervention and make it more appealing. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a smartphone delivered JITAI utilizing a wearable activity tracker is an acceptable way to support physical activity in older adults in the community. Overall, the intervention is feasible, however based on user feedback, the JITABug app requires further technical refinements that may enhance usage, engagement, and user satisfaction before moving to effectiveness trials. CLINICALTRIAL Non-Applicable

scholarly journals Association of Photopic and Mesopic Contrast Sensitivity in older drivers with risk of motor vehicle collision using naturalistic driving data

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Owsley ◽  
Thomas Swain ◽  
Rong Liu ◽  
Gerald McGwin ◽  
Mi Young Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crash ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Naturalistic Driving

Abstract Background Older drivers have a crash rate nearly equal to that of young drivers whose crash rate is the highest among all age groups. Contrast sensitivity impairment is common in older adults. The purpose of this study is to examine whether parameters from the photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity functions (CSF) are associated with incident motor vehicle crash involvement by older drivers. Methods This study utilized data from older drivers (ages ≥60 years) who participated in the Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study, a prospective, population-based study. At baseline participants underwent photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity testing for targets from 1.5–18 cycles per degree. Model fitting generated area under the log CSF (AULCSF) and peak log sensitivity. Participant vehicles were instrumented with sensors that captured continuous driving data when the vehicle was operating (accelerometers, global positioning system, forward radar, 4-channel video). They participated for 1–2 years. Crashes were coded from the video and other data streams by trained analysts. Results The photopic analysis was based on 844 drivers, and the mesopic on 854 drivers. Photopic AULCSF and peak log contrast sensitivity were not associated with crash rate, whether defined as all crashes or at-fault crashes only (all p > 0.05). Mesopic AULCSF and peak log sensitivity were associated with an increased crash rate when considered for all crashes (rate ratio (RR): 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.72; RR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01–1.63, respectively) and at-fault crashes only (RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.16–1.93; RR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07–1.78, respectively). Conclusions Results suggest that photopic contrast sensitivity testing may not help us understand future crash risk at the older-driver population level. Results highlight a previously unappreciated association between older adults’ mesopic contrast sensitivity deficits and crash involvement regardless of the time of day. Given the wide variability of light levels encountered in both day and night driving, mesopic vision tests, with their reliance on both cone and rod vision, may be a more comprehensive assessment of the visual system’s ability to process the roadway environment.

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