The incorporation of music in the physical education (PE) environment during physical activity has been shown to be beneficial for participants. Karageorghis et al. (1999) created a conceptual framework focusing on asynchronous music, identifying four factors important to a given piece of music: rhythm response, musicality, cultural impact, and association. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two conditions, with and without the incorporation of music, in the PE environment on student moods in 948 junior high school students (501 males, 447 females). The conditions were measured using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) Short Form. Significant differences were observed in the mean scores of POMS between preintervention (without music) and postintervention (with music) for total mood disturbance, tension, anger, fatigue, depression, and confusion (all p values < 0.0001), as well as significantly higher mean scores for esteem-related affect and vigor (p values < 0.0001). Results from this study, and others, provide an impetus for PE teachers and PE teacher education to incorporate music during games/activities for the purpose of improving student moods and subsequent activity levels.
High-intensity interval training in high-school physical education classes: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
