The Quantitative Effect of Drying on the Surface Color Change of Reaction Woods: Spruce Compression Wood (Picea abiesL.) and Poplar Tension Wood (Populus nigraL.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (15) ◽  
pp. 1814-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asghar Tarmian ◽  
Zeinab Foroozan ◽  
Hadi Gholamiyan ◽  
Janin Gérard
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Quantitative Effect

scholarly journals SURFACE CHEMICAL AND COLOR CHARACTERIZATION OF JUVENILE TECTONA GRANDIS WOOD SUBJECTED TO STEAM-DRYING TREATMENTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550091 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER BERROCAL ◽  
RÓGER MOYA ◽  
MARÍA RODRIGUEZ-SOLIS ◽  
RICARDO STARBIRD ◽  
FREDDY MUÑOZ
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Surface Chemical ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Teak Wood ◽  
Text Color ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Steam Drying

The color of Tectona grandis wood is an attribute that favors its commercialization, however, wood color from fast-growth plantation trees is clear and lacks uniformity. The aim of this work is to characterize steamed teak wood by means of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and [Formula: see text] color systems. Two moisture conditions (green and 50%) and two grain patterns (flat and quarter) of boards were analyzed through the application of different steaming times (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18[Formula: see text]h). The FTIR results showed that the bands at 1158, 1231, 1373 and 1419[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] did not show any change with steaming, whereas the bands at 1053, 1108, 1453, 1506, 1536, 1558, 1595, 1652, 1683, 1700 and 1733[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] presented a decrease in the intensity with the steaming time. The band at 1318[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] was the only one that increased. Lightness ([Formula: see text]) was the most affected parameter, followed by yellowness ([Formula: see text]), while redness ([Formula: see text]) showed the smallest change. Surface color change ([Formula: see text]) presented the lowest value between 3[Formula: see text]h and 6[Formula: see text]h of steam-drying in the boards with flat grain, whereas for boards with quarter grain, the smallest [Formula: see text] value was obtained after 18[Formula: see text]h of steaming.

Study on Anti-Aging Properties of Two New Recycled Paper-Plastic Material/PE Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 1961-1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Guo ◽  
Da Gang Li ◽  
Jing Jing Li ◽  
Yu Xia Chen ◽  
Fei Fang
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Bending Properties ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Aging Properties

The color change and bending properties of diapers scrap/PE composite and recycled milk-cartons/PE composite put in the sun environment, the dry and wet environment, and the Xenon Weathering resistant box environment were studied. It showed that: (1) The surface color of the two new WPCs changed greatly in three environment, and affected the appearance; the color change in the Xenon Weathering resistant box environment is much greater than it in the sun environment and the dry and wet environment, (2) The MOE and MOR initially showed decreased trend and then showed an upward trend after test in the sun environment and the dry and wet environment for about six months; The MOE and MOR decreased a lot after put in the Xenon Weathering resistant box environment for 1500h.

scholarly journals Fusarium graminearum Colors and Deoxynivalenol Synthesis at Different Water Activity

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Cambaza ◽  
Shigenobu Koseki ◽  
Shuso Kawamura
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Color Change ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Color Analysis ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
White Mycelium ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Inverse Proportionality

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a well-known mycotoxin, responsible for outbreaks of gastrointestinal disorders in Japan. Fusarium graminearum, a parasite of cereal crops, produces this toxin and this is one of the reasons why it is important to understand its metabolism. It is possible to predict the mold’s color change and the quantity of DON synthesized throughout its lifecycle. Furthermore, aw has been found to affect the amount of DON. This study aimed to analyze the potential of F. graminearum surface color as a predictor of DON concentration at aw = 0.94, 0.97, and 0.99. Thus, 36 specimens were incubated at 25 °C, 12 at each aw. After 4, 8, 12, and 16 days, three specimens from each aw were collected for color analysis and DON quantification. For color analysis, photos were taken and red, green and blue (RGB) channels were measured on ImageJ software. DON was quantified through liquid chromatography (HPLC). Color changes were only observed at aw = 0.99 because at lower aw the molds presented high growth of white mycelium. Yet, DON increased in all cases. It was only possible to relate the colors with DON concentration at aw = 0.99, where they presented inverse proportionality.

scholarly journals Study on the Prediction of Surface Color Change of Cultural Properties Materials by Fog Occurrence

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-500
Author(s):  
Ye Bin Han ◽  
Sang Hyeon Park ◽  
Ji A Yu ◽  
Yong Jae Chung
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Cultural Properties

scholarly journals Wood Surface Changes of Heat-Treated Cunninghamia lanceolate Following Natural Weathering

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
Xinjie Cui ◽  
Junji Matsumura
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Wood Surface ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Natural Exposure ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolate

To quickly clarify the effect of heat treatment on weatherability of Cunninghamia lanceolate (Lamb.) Hook., we investigated the surface degradation under natural exposure. A comparison between heat-treated and untreated samples was taken based on surface color changes and structural decay at each interval. Over four weeks of natural exposure, multiple measurements were carried out. Results show that color change decreased in the order of 220 °C heat-treated > untreated > 190 °C heat-treated. The results also indicate that the wood surface color stability was improved via the proper temperature of thermal modification. Low vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) results expressed that thermal modification itself had caused shrinking in the wood surface structure. From the beginning of the weathering process, the heat treatment affected the surface structural stability. After natural exposure, the degree of wood structure decay followed the pattern 220 °C heat-treated > 190 °C heat-treated > untreated. Therefore, when considering the impact on the structure, thermal modification treatment as a protective measure to prevent weathering was not an ideal approach and requires further improvement.

Strength and stiffness of the reaction wood in five Eucalyptus species

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Bruno Charles Dias Soares ◽  
José Tarcísio Lima ◽  
Selma Lopes Goulart ◽  
Claudineia Olímpia de Assis
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Average Slope ◽  
Strength And Stiffness

AbstractTree stems deviating from the vertical position react by the formation of tension wood (TW) or compression wood (CW), which are called in general as reaction wood (RW), in which the cells are modified chemically and anatomically. The focus of the present work is the mechanical behavior of TW in five 37-year-oldEucalyptusspecies, which were grown on a planting area with an average slope of 28% leading to decentralized pith in the trees, which is an unequivocal indication of the presence of RW. TW and opposite wood (OW) samples were isolated and subjected to a compression-parallel-to-grain test. It was observed that TW is less resistant and less stiff than the OW.

scholarly journals Temperature’s effect on color change and mechanical properties of poplar powder compact formed by warm compaction

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 7009-7017
Author(s):  
Liqiang Zhang ◽  
Zhizhong Long ◽  
Zhili Tan ◽  
Qingding Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Warm Compaction ◽  
Infrared Spectral ◽  
Forming Temperature ◽  
Color Control

Warm compaction technology is an eco-friendly method to improve the added value of poplar. In this work, the wood powder was compacted in the mold between 120 °C to 200 °C, at 80 MPa for 30 min. The color change, chemical properties, and mechanical properties were evaluated. The color of the formed compaction darkened uniformly. The CIE lightness color coordinate (L*) and chroma coordinates a* and b* decreased with the increase of forming temperature. Fourier infrared spectral analysis showed degradation of carbohydrates, along with the formation of a new chemical structure of darker color. Mechanical properties including modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of compacted wood increased initially and then decreased. These results provide a reference for the surface color control of thermally forming materials.

scholarly journals Development of Equipment and Software for Evaluating Surface Color Change of Baked Food Using Digital Camera

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki IYOTA ◽  
Hideki SAKAI ◽  
Hiroyuki TAKASAGO ◽  
Hideya SHIMADA
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Surface Color

scholarly journals Surface Color Changes of Tomato and Other Solanaceous Fruit during Chilling

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges T. Dodds ◽  
J. Wyatt Brown ◽  
Pamela M. Ludford
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity

Chilling of mature-green (MG) tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and related species) was investigated to determine the effect of chilling stress on surface color during low-temperature storage. Color measurements were made with a tristimulus calorimeter (L, a, b values), and data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and canonical variates analysis. Changes in surface color of MG fruit during chilling were not correlated overall with relative chilling sensitivity of cultivars/lines; however, within standard and cherry types, chilling-tolerant fruit changed surface color more during chilling than chilling-sensitive fruit when fruit were picked early in the season. Early harvests were less chilling-sensitive than late harvests. The number of hours below 15.6C in the 200 hours before harvest was positively correlated with postharvest chilling sensitivity. A high vs. ambient relative humidity during storage did not affect chilling-induced percent change in color. Tobacco mosaic virus resistance led to less and Verticillium albo-strum Reinke & Berthier resistance led to more chilling-induced color change. There was no effect from resistances to Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans, alternaria stem canker (Alternaria solani Sorauer), anthracnose [Colletotrichun coccodes (Wallr.) S.J. Hughes], root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary, or Stemphylium botryosum f. sp. lycopersici Rotem, Cohen, & Wahl. Our results show harvest date had an effect on chilling-induced changes in surface-color in MG fruit.

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