Smallholders Perception on Mutation Breeding's Muna Teak Demonstration Plot in Cariu Private Forest

Teak wood is the superior wood for carpentry, and the need for carpentry continues to increase in Indonesia. It has prompted various efforts to increase teak production, both in state forests and non-state forests. One of the efforts to increase teak production is using advanced science and technology, superior teak seedlings from mutation breeding. This study aims to describe smallholder's perception of the demonstration plot of Muna Teak from mutation breeding in the Cariu Private Forest, Bogor Regency. The research used two methods: Focused Group Discussion and semi-structured interviews by questionnaires. For the analysis, the study used the perceptual process framework) to explore the data from the two methods and present it descriptively. The result shows that smallholders had a good perception toward the mutation breeding Muna Teak demonstration plot. Smallholders can carry out intercropping (agroforestry) activities in the demonstration plot and increase their knowledge of forestry plant cultivation, especially teak. The activity provides an opportunity for smallholders to improve their welfare.

The Effect of Wood Type on the Reflection of a Table Tennis Ball

The table tennis game table can be made of any material with certain bounce height requirements according to ITTF regulations. Wood as the main material for the table is found in Indonesia. Various types of wood have the potential to be a dining table material. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the type of wood on the bounce of a table tennis ball. Experiments were carried out on 9 types of wood, namely hardwoods (teak, sono, coconut), medium hardwoods (meranti, plywood and jackfruit) and soft woods (waru, randu and sengon). The height of the falling ball is determined to be 30 cm for the ball's bounce recorded by the camera. The ball used is a ball with a weight of 24 grams and 30 grams. Camera recording data is processed with Kinovea 08.15 to get the reflection height. The bounce height is used as a reference for ITTF standard compliance. The initial height and reflection height were then used to calculate the coefficient of restitution (COR). Data collection was carried out 5 times and the average value was calculated. The level of wood hardness is influenced by its specific gravity. Hard wood has a relatively high specific gravity. Teak wood which is relatively hard has a specific gravity value of 0.59 – 0.82 gr/cm3

Phosphogypsum Organic, a Byproduct from Rare-Earth Metals Processing, Improves Plant and Soil

Phosphogypsum organic (PG organic) is a soil conditioner, derived from residues, water leach purification (WLP) and neutralisation underflow (NUF) from rare-earth metals processing in combination with composted organic material. There was no report available with regards to the effectiveness of this byproduct for crops improvement in a sandy soil texture. Therefore, a field trial involving a multi-crop was conducted by the addition of PG organic on a sandy texture soil for 23-month period. Guinea grass or guinea grass intercropping with teak wood trees, corn and kenaf showed an improvement in cumulative fresh yield in plot treated with PG organic either with a half- or full-fertilizer recommended rate for the respective crop as compared to control. The same trend was also observed in teak wood trees in hole planting systems and pandan coconut seedlings in the polybags. Application of PG organic in each season showed a consistently higher cumulative fresh yield or yield for certain crop types due to soil ability to maintain the soil pH buffering capacity (pH 5.8–6.0). Therefore, the application of PG organic as soil conditioner promotes plant growth and development due to the improvement of soil condition by creating suitable ecosystem for nutrients absorption by roots.

Evaluation of Non-Isothermal Kinetic Parameters for Pyrolysis of Teak Wood using Model-Fitting Techniques

Teak wood is one of the prominently used raw material in the construction industry, thus contributing extremely to the biomass waste available in Nigeria. These wastes are usually used for energy generation that requires upgrade into better fuel before application. Hence, the present study evaluates the non-isothermal kinetic parameters for pyrolysis of teak wood using model-fitting techniques. Teak wood dust was subjected to proximate, ultimate and calorific value analyses based on different ASTM standards. The thermal degradation and decomposition behaviour of the teak wood dust was examined using a thermogravimetric analyzer. Pulverized teak (6.5 mg) was heated from 30 to 800 ºC at varying heating rates (5, 10 and 15 ºC) in an environment where 100 mL/min of nitrogen gas was charged in continuously to maintain an inert condition. Avrami-Erofeev, Ginstling-Broushtein (GB) and Mampel models were used to evaluate the kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis of teak wood dust. The teak wood dust contained 7.25 % moisture, 79.26 % volatile matter (VM), 1.74 % ash and 11.75 % fixed carbon. The calorific value of the wood dust was 18.72 MJ/kg. The results of the thermogravimetric analyses depicted that heating rate has no effect on weight loss during the reactive drying zone. However, as the thermal treatment progressed into the active pyrolysis and passive pyrolysis zones, the weight loss decreased with increase in heating rate. The devolatilization parameters also increased with heating rates except for the maximum conversion. The results of the kinetic parameters evaluation revealed that the GB model was best fit to evaluate the kinetic parameters of teak in the active pyrolysis zone while GB and Mampel models were considered most appropriate for the evaluation of the kinetic parameters in the passive pyrolysis zone. Model-fitting method has the capacity to capture a wide range of fractional conversion at a glance. HIGHLIGHTS Arrhenius parameters in terms of activation energy and pre-exponential factor for the pyrolysis of teak wood while comparing 4 different model-fitting techniques were obtained The α-temperature plot for solid state reaction of teak wood dust was a bell-shape (sigmoidal model) The Avrami-Erofeev and SSS models were unable to capture the overlapping multiple reactions that took place simultaneously at the active pyrolysis zone Higher energy input is needed for devolatilization of teak wood dust to give 10 - 80 % conversion due to higher activation energy at the active pyrolysis zone Ginstling-Broushtein was found to be the best model for evaluating the kinetic parameters at the active pyrolysis zone as it had the highest R2 value GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

PERBAIKAN FINISHING PRODUK OLAHAN KAYU JATI BAGI PENGRAJIN LOKAL DI KOTA KUPANG

ABSTRAKPermasalahan utama yang dihadapi kelompok pengrajin Airnona dan Sikumana adalah kurangnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam mengerjakan finishing pada produk olahan kaju jati yang mereka geluti. Mencermati permasalahan tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan edukasi dan pelatihan tentang berbagai metode finishing pada produk hasil kerajinan. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pengetahuan dan mengasah keterampilan para pengrajin tentang proses finishing produk olahan kayu jati. Dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini menggunakan metode ceramah dan diskusi dilanjutkan dengan praktek finishing produk yang difokuskan pada jenis aplikasi milamin. Setelah Kegiatan pengabdian ini selesai dilakukan, diharapkan peserta pelatihan mengetahui salah satu metode finishing yang baik dan mampu mengaplikasikanya. Ada empat tahapan yang dilakukan dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini, yaitu: kegiatan persiapan yang meliputi diskusi kebutuhan pengrajin, kegiatan manufacturing yaitu mempersiapkan modul produk yang akan difinishing, kegiatan pelatihan finishing produk yang berhubungan dengan aplikasi milamin, dan kegiatan pelatihan manajemen yang meberi wawasan kepada pengrajin tentang tata cara pencatatan dan pengelolaan keuangan. Dari hasil evaluasi terhadap kegiatan pengabdian yang telah dilakukan terlihat bahwa pengetahuan peserta pelatihan terhadap proses finishing produk olahan kayu jati semakin meningkat dan telah mampu mengaplikasikan jenis finishing milamin pada produk olahan dengan baik dan benar. Dari hasil pencatatan keuangan terlihat ada kenaikan penghasilan pengrajin setelah pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian ini. Pengrajin berharap ada kesinambungan kegiatan seperti ini dimasa yang akan datang. Kata Kunci : kayu jati; finishing; pelatihan. ABSTRACTThe main problem faced by the Airnona and Sikumana craftsman groups is the lack of knowledge and skills in finishing the processed teak products they are involved. Observing these problems, it is necessary to conduct education and training on various finishing methods on handicraft products. This community service activity aims to provide knowledge and hone the skills of artisans about the process of finishing teak wood products. This service activity uses the lecture and discussion method followed by product finishing practices focused on melamine application. After this service activity is completed, it is hoped that the trainees will know one suitable finishing method and apply it. There are four stages carried out in this service activity, namely: preparation activities which include discussing the needs of artisans; manufacturing activities, namely preparing product modules to be finished, product finishing training activities related to melamine applications, and management training activities that provide insight to artisans about procedures for recording and managing finances. From the results of the evaluation of the service activities that have been carried out, it can be seen that the trainees' knowledge of the finishing process of processed teak wood products is increasing, and they have been able to apply the type of melamine finishing to processed products correctly and adequately. From the results of financial records, it can be seen that there is an increase in the income of artisans after implementing this service activity. The craftsmen hope that there will be continuity of activities like this in the future. Keywords: teak wood; finishing; training.

The integration of social forestry, science and local community in the collaborative Muna teak (Tectona grandis) development

The demand for teak wood in Indonesia reached 7 million m3, however, only 10% can be produced. One of the best teak producers in Indonesia was Muna, Southeast Sulawesi which once has a golden period but now experiencing degradation and losing genetic resources. How to restore Muna teak and its genetic resource became the question of the research. This study uses descriptive qualitative research using data from interviews with relevant stakeholders and secondary data. The result of the study shows that the issuance of Business Permit for the Utilization of Timber Forest Product-in Community Forest for three Forest Farmer’s Cooperatives in 2017 on the area of 1,817 hectares through the Social Forestry scheme has made a positive contribution to the restoration of Muna teak forest. The management of the three cooperatives in partnership with a private company, and the government’s financial support by initiating a tissue culture laboratory and genetic engineering as an effort to propagate the Muna teak using mutation breeding techniques to obtain superior clones. Through multi parties, involvement, and support, the integration of government policies and science, in synergy with individual effort and local community movement, effort indicates a hope to restore Muna teak.

Wood characterization of Tectona grandis L. F. cultivated in Brazil: a review of the last 30 years

Worldwide, Tectona grandis (teak) is recognized for its productivity and the quality of its wood. The Brazilian market is already seen as a great potential for consumption and production of teak wood. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the teak wood grown in Brazil through a bibliographic survey of the results already available. In general, it was found that the teak wood planted in Brazil has a certain variability in its technological properties, and these variations are due to the origin, genetic material, age, planting location and the cycle used in the management of the forest. In a way, we still do not have much research on the quality of teak wood, and it would be important to implement research programs and experiments that consider the different genetic materials, growing environments, planting spacing, silvicultural tracts and ages of cutting, to allow greater knowledge about the growth and the factors that can influence the quality of the wood to be produced.

Thermal Conductivity of Teak Wood from Thinned Stands

Wood has been utilized as a heat conductor or insulator. Hence, this research aims to discover the thermal conductivity of teak wood using thinned stands from the Perhutani plantation forest. The samples obtained had varying moisture content and fiber direction, and were of distinct tree ages, at 12, 15, 20, 25, and 60 years. This result show that the thermal conductivity in air-dry conditions and fiber saturation points were 0.116 to 0.128 and 0.338 to 0.151 in W/Mk, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that the thermal conductivity of teak wood was affected by the interaction of fiber directions and moisture content but not significantly by tree age. Also, there was a weak relationship found between thermal conductivity and specific gravity in air-dry conditions and longitudinal direction.

Expanding the Target Market of Mebel Summer Jati Using an Online Catalogue Shared on Facebook

Mebel Sumber Jati is an organization that sells furniture items like teak closet, teak table, teak wood seats, spring bed, aluminum glass cabinet, sofa, and eating table. The issue is the deals of this organization continues to decrease since the pandemic occurred. That is the reason behind why this organization actually struggles to get new clients. Nonetheless, the organization intends to grow its objective market, particularly during this pandemic. The arrangement is by extending the objective business sectors through Facebook with an online inventory. On Facebook, the organization will combine the photograph items and the cost just as on the online list. The online catalogue will be distributed on the Facebook marketplace page as a connection. The catalog was made using the theory of Bethina Oksen Bendroff, 2021 Therefore, by having a Facebook with an online list, Mebel Sumber Jati will actually be able to extend their new objective market. Keywords: Facebook, Online catalogue, Expanding target market

Ethanol production by Escherichia coli from detoxified lignocellulosic teak wood hydrolysates with high concentration of phenolic compounds

Teak wood residues were subjected to thermochemical pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and detoxification to obtain syrups with a high concentration of fermentable sugars for ethanol production with the ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain MS04. Teak is a hardwood, and thus a robust deconstructive pretreatment was applied followed by enzymatic saccharification. The resulting syrup contained 60 g L−1 glucose, 18 g L−1 xylose, 6 g L−1 acetate, less than 0.1 g L−1 of total furans, and 12 g L−1 of soluble phenolic compounds (SPC). This concentration of SPC is toxic to E. coli, and thus two detoxification strategies were assayed: 1) treatment with Coriolopsis gallica laccase followed by addition of activated carbon and 2) overliming with Ca(OH)2. These reduced the phenolic compounds by 40 and 76%, respectively. The detoxified syrups were centrifuged and fermented with E. coli MS04. Cultivation with the over-limed hydrolysate showed a 60% higher volumetric productivity (0.45 gETOH L−1 h−1). The bioethanol/sugars yield was over 90% in both strategies.