TOO-BLUE: COLOUR-PATCH FOR AN EXPANDED EMPIRICISM

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Massumi
Keyword(s):  
Blue Colour ◽  
Colour Patch

scholarly journals Colour Me Blue: The History and the Biotechnological Potential of Pyocyanin

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
Thiago Gonçalves ◽  
Ulrich Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
The Subject

Pyocyanin was the first natural phenazine described. The molecule is synthesized by about 95% of the strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. From discovery up to now, pyocyanin has been characterised by a very rich and avant-garde history, which includes its use in antimicrobial therapy, even before the discovery of penicillin opened the era of antibiotic therapy, as well as its use in electric current generation. Exhibiting an exuberant blue colour and being easy to obtain, this pigment is the subject of the present review, aiming to narrate its history as well as to unveil its mechanisms and suggest new horizons for applications in different areas of engineering, biology and biotechnology.

scholarly journals Alteration of Tissue Marking Dyes Depends on Used Chromogen during Immunohistochemistry

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Selina Kiefer ◽  
Julia Huber ◽  
Hannah Füllgraf ◽  
Kristin Sörensen ◽  
Agnes Csanadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colour Change ◽  
Residual Tumour ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
Close Margin ◽  
Correct Orientation ◽  
Therapeutic Regime ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Tissue Specimens ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analyses ◽  
Colour Signal

Pathological biopsy protocols require tissue marking dye (TMD) for orientation. In some cases (e.g., close margin), additional immunohistochemical analyses can be necessary. Therefore, the correlation between the applied TMD during macroscopy and the examined TMD during microscopy is crucial for the correct orientation, the residual tumour status and the subsequent therapeutic regime. In this context, our group observed colour changes during routine immunohistochemistry. Tissue specimens were marked with various TMD and processed by two different methods. TMD (blue, red, black, yellow and green) obtained from three different providers (A, B and C, and Whiteout/Tipp-Ex®) were used. Immunohistochemistry was performed manually via stepwise omission of reagents to identify the colour changing mechanism. Blue colour from provider A changed during immunohistochemistry into black, when 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochloride-dihydrate (DAB) and H2O2 was applied as an immunoperoxidase-based terminal colour signal. No other applied reagents, nor tissue texture or processing showed any influence on the colour. The remaining colours from provider A and the other colours did not show any changes during immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrate an interesting and important pitfall in routine immunohistochemistry-based diagnostics that pathologists should be aware of. Furthermore, the chemical rationale behind the observed misleading colour change is discussed.

scholarly journals Scattering of light by dust-free air, with artificial reproduction of the blue sky.—Preliminary note

1918 ◽  
Vol 94 (662) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Suspended Particles ◽  
Artificial Reproduction ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
Foreign Matter ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Scattering Of Light ◽  
Free Air

It is now well established that the luminosity and blue colour of the sky on very clear days and at considerable altitudes above the sea-level can almost be accounted for by the scattering of light by the molecules of air, without postulating suspended particles of foreign matter, such as were thought necessary by the earlier writers. This conclusion depends on the measured opacity of the atmosphere, deduced from observations such as those of Abbot and Fowle of the sun’s radiation at various zenith distances. The opacities measured at Mount Wilson for different wave-lengths are found to be nearly in agreement with what would be expected if scattering by the molecules were alone operative; leaving little room for the action of larger particles.

scholarly journals Studies on the formation of complex oxidation and condensation products of phenols. Part III. -Rearrangements of oxidation-reduction type in the diquinone group

1933 ◽  
Vol 143 (848) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Intramolecular Reactions ◽  
Trimethyl Ether ◽  
Free Hydroxyl ◽  
Ethereal Oxygen ◽  
Complex Oxidation

The diquinones have been but little investigated, and as they contain two condensed highly active quinonid systems it is to be anticipated that they should be capable of interesting intramolecular reactions. When heated to 210-215º, 4 : 4'-dimethoxydiquinone is rapidly converted into a red crystalline isomeride (yield, 90%), soluble in alkali with an intense blue colour, and yielding a mono-acetate indicating the occurrence of a free hydroxyl group. Two hydrogen atoms are taken up on reduction, and the phenolic product yields a triacetate and a trimethyl ether. It follows that of the four carbonyl oxygens of 4 : 4'-dimethoxydiquinone, one has been converted into a hydroxyl group, and another which does not exhibit any functional activity, is probably present as ethereal oxygen. These results led to formula (III) as representing the product of rearrangement.

scholarly journals Aμo'pϕωτa No. 1. On a case of superficial colour presented by a homogeneous liquid internally colourless

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 547-547 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
Homogeneous Liquid ◽  
Small Depth

The author observed that a solution of sulphate of quinine in tartaric acid, largely diluted, although perfectly transparent and colourless when held between the eye and the light, or a white object, yet exhibits in certain aspects, and under certain incidences of the light, an extremely vivid and beautiful celestial blue colour, apparently resulting from the action of the strata which the light first penetrates on entering the liquid ; and which, if not strictly superficial, at least exert their peculiar power of analysing the incident rays, and dispersing those producing the observed tint, only through a very small depth within the medium. The thinnest film of the liquid seems quite as effective in producing this superficial colour as a considerable thickness.

scholarly journals Spectroscopic study of an icon painted on wooden panel

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-393
Author(s):  
Sofija Stojanovic ◽  
Maja Gajic-Kvascev ◽  
Ljiljana Damjanovic
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Paint Layer ◽  
Blue Pigment ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Green Earth ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Wooden Panel

Russian icon painted on wooden panel analyzed in this work is interesting for art historians because there is no precise information in which workshops it was made or who the author was. Similar icons are often found in churches and monasteries in our region. In order to obtain information about materials used for creation of investigated icon two micro-analytical techniques were used: Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Obtained results confirmed presence of following materials: lead-white, vermilion, minium, ultramarine, brown and green earth pigments and silver in combination with yellow organic varnish, which served to an iconographer for gilding. Ground layer was made of calcite. Blue pigment ultramarine was probably used for blue colour as well as for obtaining particulars hues in several parts of the paint layer. This can be important information for further research concerning particular workshop in which the icon was made. Identified materials are typical for Russian iconography of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic Color Switching in Lizards as a by-Product of Guanine Cell Development

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gan Zhang ◽  
Venkata Jayasurya Yallapragada ◽  
Michal Shemesh ◽  
Avital Wagner ◽  
Alexander Upcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Color Switching

Many animals undergo dramatic changes in colour during development1,2. Changes in predation risk during ontogeny are associated with spectacular switches in defensive colours, typically involving the replacement of skin or the production of new pigment cells3. Ontogenetic colour systems are ideal models for understanding the evolution and formation mechanisms of animal colour which remain largely enigmatic2. We show that defensive colour switching in lizards arises by reorganization of a single photonic system, as an incidental by-product of chromatophore maturation. The defensive blue tail colour of hatchling A. beershebensis lizards is produced by light scattering from premature guanine crystals in underdeveloped iridophore cells. Camouflaged adult tail colours emerge upon reorganization of the guanine crystals into a photonic reflector during chromatophore maturation. The substituent guanine crystals form by the attachment of individual nanoscopic plates, which coalesce during growth to form single crystals. Our results show that the blue colour of hatchlings is a fortuitous, but necessary, precursor to the development of adult colour. Striking functional colours in animals can thus arise not as distinct evolutionary innovations but via exploitation of the timing of naturally occurring changes in chromatophore cell development.

scholarly journals Influence of Post Shooting Spray and Bunch Bagging on Per Day Productivity and Fruit Quality of Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
D. R. Paradva ◽  
M. J. Patel ◽  
H. L. Kacha
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Horticultural Research

Aims: To determine the effect of post shooting spray and bunch bagging on per day productivity and quality of banana (Musa paradisiaca L.)” Study Design: Completely Randomized Design (Factorial) with three repetitions. Place and Duration of Study: Experiment was carried out at the Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture,  AAU, Anand during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 Methodology: The experiment comprises of twenty four treatment combinations involving two varieties viz. Grand Naine and William with six levels of post shooting sprays namely; control, humic acid 2 %, 2, 4-D 30 mg/l, gibberellic acid (GA3) 100 mg/l, CPPU 4 mg/l and sulphate of potash (SOP) 2 % with two bunch bagging viz., non- woven material bag covering and blue colour polyethylene sleeve (6 % perforated) bag covering. Post shooting sprays were given twice i.e. 1st spray after complete opening of inflorescence and 2nd spray after 30 days of first spray with covering the bunch immediately after second spray. Results: The results indicated that the Grand Naine variety recorded significantly minimum harvest days, maturity days. Whereas, William variety was recorded significantly shelf life and fruit appearances. In case of per day productivity is concerned, both the varieties were equally important. The post shooting spray of GA3 100 mg/l recorded significantly improves per day productivity and fruit appearances. Whereas, post shooting spray of SOP 2 % recorded minimum harvest day and maturity days. While, post shooting sprays of CPPU 4 mg/l showed significantly maximum shelf life. The non-woven material bag covering was significantly better among all quantitative and qualitative parameters as compared to blue colour polyethylene sleeve bag covering. While, post shooting spray of CPPU 4 mg/l with non-woven material bag covering showed significantly expand the shelf life of fruit. Conclusion: Grand Naine variety recorded significantly minimum harvest and maturity days. Whereas, William variety was recorded significantly shelf life and fruit appearances. The post shooting spray of GA3 100 mg/l was improved per day productivity and fruit appearances. Whereas, post shooting sprays of CPPU 4 mg/l showed significantly enhancing the shelf life. The non-woven material bag covering on banana bunches was found significantly better among all quantitative and qualitative parameters.

scholarly journals Response of Quality Attributes of Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) cv. Williumto Post Shooting Spray and Bunch Covering Material

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
D. R. Paradva ◽  
M. J. Patel ◽  
H. L. Kacha
Keyword(s):  
Design Experiment ◽  
Farm Yard Manure ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Titrable Acidity ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Covering Material ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Horticultural Research

Aims: To study the post harvest shooting namely; control, humic acid 2%, 2, 4-D 30 mg/l, gibberellic acid (GA3) 100 mg/l, CPPU 4 mg/l and sulphate of potash (SOP) 2% and covering materials viz., non- woven material bag and blue colour polyethylene sleeve (6% perforated) bag on bunch of banana cv. Willium Study Design: Experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (Factorial) with three repetitions. Place and Duration of Study: Experiment was carried out at the Horticultural Research Farm,Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture,  AAU, Anand during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 Methodology: The experimental plot was prepared by deep ploughing, harrowing and levelling. The pits of 30 x 30 x 30 cm were dug out at a spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m2 and well decomposed fine textured Farm Yard Manure (FYM) at the rate of 10 kg per pit was applied at planting. Well hardened, healthy, uniform tissue cultured tissue culture plants of willium banana having 5-6 leaves were used for planting. Post shooting sprays were given twice i.e. 1st spray after complete opening of inflorescence and 2nd spray after 30 days of first spray with covering the bunch immediately after second spray.The fruits which were used for recording the weight loss during ripening, were used to calculating pulp: peel ratio. Pulp to peel ratio was calculated by dividing respective pulp weight by respective peel weight. The TSS value of the fruit was recorded by using hand refractometer having range of 0-32 ⁰Brix. Acidity (%) was calculated by the method described by Rangana (1977) was adopted for estimation of titrable acidity. Results: The results revealed that the banana bunches sprayingof CPPU 4 mg/lwith bunch covering with non woven materials were recorded significantly lower physiological loss in weight (12.80, 13.60 and 13.20%) and (13.26, 14.14 and 13.70%), respectively. Whereas, post shooting spray of SOP 2% with non-woven material bag coveringwere recorded significantly maximum TSS (21.42, 21.05 and 21.17 ºBrix; 21.39, 20.93 and 21.16 ºBrix), reducing sugar (12.55, 12.34 and 12.45%; 12.21, 12.16 and 12.18%) and total sugar (21.42, 20.82 and 21.12%; 20.84, 20.50 and 20.67%) as compared to rest of the treatments of post shooting sprays and bunch covering materials on banana quality. Conclusion: From the two years of field study, it can be concluded that the post shooting spraying of CPPU 4 mg/l and SOP 2% with non woven bunch covering bags were improve fruit quality of banana.

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