scholarly journals Spectroscopic study of an icon painted on wooden panel

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-393
Author(s):  
Sofija Stojanovic ◽  
Maja Gajic-Kvascev ◽  
Ljiljana Damjanovic
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Paint Layer ◽  
Blue Pigment ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Green Earth ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Wooden Panel

Russian icon painted on wooden panel analyzed in this work is interesting for art historians because there is no precise information in which workshops it was made or who the author was. Similar icons are often found in churches and monasteries in our region. In order to obtain information about materials used for creation of investigated icon two micro-analytical techniques were used: Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Obtained results confirmed presence of following materials: lead-white, vermilion, minium, ultramarine, brown and green earth pigments and silver in combination with yellow organic varnish, which served to an iconographer for gilding. Ground layer was made of calcite. Blue pigment ultramarine was probably used for blue colour as well as for obtaining particulars hues in several parts of the paint layer. This can be important information for further research concerning particular workshop in which the icon was made. Identified materials are typical for Russian iconography of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Spectroscopic investigation of two Serbian icons painted on canvas

2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 805-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Damjanovic ◽  
Olgica Marjanovic ◽  
Milica Maric-Stojanovic ◽  
Velibor Andric ◽  
Ubavka Mioc
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Lead White ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Green Earth ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Different Parts

Multianalytical study of two Serbian icons, ?The Virgin and Child? and ?St. Petka?, painted on canvas by unknown authors was performed in order to identify materials used as pigments, binders and ground layer. Investigated icons belong to the Museum of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Belgrade. Samples, collected from different parts of the icons, were analysed by: optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence (EDXRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Obtained results reveal presence of the following pigments: Prussian blue, ultramarine, green earth, iron oxides, lead white and zinc white. Linseed oil was used as a binder. Materials used for ground layers were gypsum, calcite, baryte and lead white. Gilded surface of the icon ?The Virgin and Child? was made of gold. Gilded surface on the frame of this icon was made of imitation of gold i.e. Schlagmetal, since EDXRF spectroscopy showed presence of copper and zinc, while gold was not detected. Based on style and art historian consideration as well as on obtained results for corresponding pigments and binder both icons were the most probably made at the end of 19th or beginning of the 20th century.

Plaster Pigments in Traditional Folk Architecture - A Case Study from Moravia (Czech Republic)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
pp. 289-293
Author(s):  
Dalibor Všianský
Keyword(s):  
Organic Dye ◽  
Blue Pigment ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
Central European ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Green Earth ◽  
Electron Microanalysis ◽  
Red Dye ◽  
Green Pigments

The results of analyses of coloured plasters are given in the paper. The samples come from traditional folk earth houses from SE and Central Moravia and were chosen so as all of the most common colours of the Central European folk architecture are present among them: red, yellow, blue, green, and black. The analyses were conducted by the means of light microscopy, which is also a powerful tool for stratigraphical analyses, X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectrometry, end electron microanalysis. Hematite of industrial origin was identified as the red pigment, the yellow one was formed by yellow earth, which also may be a precursor for traditional production of red dye. The widest used blue pigment was ultramarine in the 19th and the first half of 20th century in Moravia. The analysed green pigments were formed by an organic dye of green earth and the black one consisted of soot. Based on the sort and composition of pigment and plaster, the age of the material is also discussed.

Analytical study and structural treatment for a thin panel painting

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Attia Mohie ◽  
Gilan Mahmoud Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Support System ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
White Lead ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Panel Painting ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Thin Panel ◽  
Wooden Panel ◽  
Painting Techniques

Purpose This paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of the painting techniques, materials used and deterioration phenomena in a thin panel painting. As well as, straightening buckling in a thin panel painting and reinforcement have been used by an auxiliary support system. Design/methodology/approach This requires using several scientific and analytical techniques to provide a deeper understanding of the painting techniques, materials used, deterioration phenomena and a greater awareness of how well treatment the panel painting is. Visual observation and multispectral imaging (Visible Ultraviolet-induced luminescence, as well as Ultraviolet reflected and Infrared [IR]), optical Microscopy (OM), handheld X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography were used in this case study. Findings The analytical study of a thin panel with different methods allowed defining that the thin panel painting consists of plywood panel, ground layer (white lead and animal glue) and painted layer (lead red, cobaltic black, chrome yellow, Venetian red, iron black and white lead and poppy oil). Also, these determined that a convex buckling was the main form of deterioration. The structure treatment was executed by using a wet compress to straighten the thin panel painting and followed by fixing a new special design of the second auxiliary support system on the back of the thin panel painting. Originality/value The importance of analytical study to determine the painting techniques, materials used, deterioration phenomena and how well treatment the panel painting is. As well as, using a wet compress to straightening of warping or buckling wooden panel painting. Also, the Plexiglas second auxiliary support system could use to reinforcement the wooden panel and control the wooden panel movements.

scholarly journals Identification of Lithol Red Synthetic Organic Pigment Reveals the Cause of Paint Layer Degradation on the Lazar Vozarević Painting “Untitled” with Copper Plates

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2612-2624
Author(s):  
Vanja Jovanović ◽  
Suzana Erić ◽  
Philippe Colomban ◽  
Aleksandar Kremenović
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Paint Layer ◽  
Organic Pigment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Painting Materials ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Synthetic Organic Pigment ◽  
Scanning Electron

Out of a total of 56 paintings in the collection of the Lazar Vozarević Gallery in Sremska Mitrovica, only one Lazar Vozarević painting from 1961, titled “Untitled”, has been subject to atypical degradation that has resulted in damage of completely atypical appearance. Such a problem had never before been noticed in Yugoslavian paintings of the 20th century. Discolored areas were found in various locations on the paint layer of the painting “Untitled” (especially on the lower and central parts of the painting), which disturbed the visual experience of the artistic work. To discover the cause of this discoloration, the composition of the paint layer was investigated, with the assumption that the true cause of degradation was hidden therein. Moreover, this painting belongs to a specific period in Vozarević’s activity, characterized by the use of non-traditional painting materials. To identify pigments from the highly degraded painting “Untitled”, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) and micro-Raman spectroscopy were applied. Lithol red, a synthetic organic pigment known to give paintings a red tone, was identified as the main reason for the painting’s degradation. Lithol red is not only highly light-sensitive but is also chemically unstable, toxic, and sensitive to heat.

scholarly journals Technical Study of the Paint Layers from Buddhist Sculptures Unearthed from the Longxing Temple Site in Qingzhou, China

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2599-2622
Author(s):  
Yan Song ◽  
Linlin Zhou ◽  
Yunpeng Wang ◽  
Fangzhi Liu ◽  
Juwen Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Blue Pigment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Technical Study ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Stone Sculpture ◽  
Lapis Lazuli

In 1996, more than four hundred Buddhist statues were excavated from the Hoard of Longxing Temple site in Qingzhou, Shandong Province, China. They are of great significance in the study of Buddhism history during the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China, and have attracted widespread attention since they were unearthed. In this paper, the paint layers from 14 of the Buddhist statues unearthed from the Longxing Temple site were analyzed using portable 3D microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to determine the materials used in their production. Several microscopic samples were analyzed in the laboratory using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The combined results from the field and laboratory analyses materials used in painting layers of these statues were identified, and the technique for the production of the sculptures was studied. After the stone sculpture of Buddha was finished, a priming layer of lead white was applied over the stone body as a ground, over which pigments were applied. These include mineral pigments (cinnabar, malachite, lapis lazuli and cerussite), Chinese ink (carbon black) and gold leaf. Cinnabar was used for the outer garments, the halos and ornaments of Buddha and Bodhisattva statues; malachite, was found primarily on the Monk’s clothing; the blue pigment, lapis lazuli, was mainly used for the Buddha’s bun, halo and outer garment edges; carbon black ink was employed for drafting and sketching clothing and decorative patterns.

scholarly journals Application of µ-Raman spectroscopy to the study of the corrosion products of archaeological coins

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Tilde De Caro ◽  
Emma Angelini ◽  
Leila Es Sebar
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Corrosion Products ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Excavation Site

<p>In this paper, a study of the corrosion products formed on archaeological bronze artefacts excavated in Tharros (Sardinia, Italy) is presented. The investigation was carried out by means of the combination of different analytical techniques, including optical microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-RS), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The artefacts under study are three bronze coins from the Phoenician–Punic period that are deeply corroded due to the chloride-rich soil of the Tharros excavation site. µ-Raman spectroscopy was chosen to investigate the corroded surfaces of the artefacts because it is a non-destructive technique, it has high spatial resolution, and it makes it possible to discriminate between polymorphs and correlate colour and chemical composition. Through µ-RS, it was possible to identify different mineralogical phases and different polymorphs, such as cuprite (Cu<sub>2</sub>O), copper trihydroxychloride [Cu<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>3</sub>] polymorphs, hydroxy lead chloride laurionite [PbCl(OH)] and calcium carbonate polymorph aragonite. The experimental findings highlight that micro-Raman spectroscopy can be used to provide further knowledge regarding the environmental factors that may cause the degradation of archaeological bronzes in soil.</p>

Natural or Artificial? Multi-Analytical Study of a Scagliola from Estoi Palace Simulating Imperial Red Porphyry

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1281-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Freire ◽  
António Santos Silva ◽  
Maria do Rosário Veiga ◽  
Jorge de Brito ◽  
Frank Schlütter
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Decorative Arts ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractIn this paper the characterization of a gypsum plaster sample from the end of the 19th century simulating imperial red porphyry using a multi-analytical approach is presented and discussed. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), physical and mechanical properties are summarized. In order to have further insight into the microstructure, polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and micro Raman spectroscopy analyzes were also made. They helped to clarify the main issues raised by the other complementary analytical techniques and allowed the establishment of interrelations between the different properties, providing important information about the materials, the skills, and the technological development involved in the art of imitating noble stones with gypsum pastes. This study also contributes to our knowledge concerning the preservation of these types of elements that are important in the context of European decorative arts and rarely reported in the literature.

scholarly journals Polychrome arhat figures dated from the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE) at the Lingyan Temple, Changqing, Shandong, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongdong Tong ◽  
Youzhen Cai ◽  
Xuening Wang ◽  
Zhimin Li ◽  
Austin Nevin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Paint Layer ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Green Is ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Solid Foundation

AbstractScientific analysis revealed the materials and techniques used in the process of making polychrome sculptures providing a solid foundation for the protection and restoration of the painted statues. In addition, the analyses revealed changes in colour schemes applied to the sculptures can provide the basis for the virtual restoration of the painted statues. In order to carry out scientifically-informed protection and restoration of the Bodhidharma statue from the Lingyan Temple, Changqinq, Shandong, several analytical methods such as optical microscope (OM), Micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-RS), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed. Analyses clearly reveal the information including the stratigraphic structure and the composition of pigment. The use of silver foils and golden yellow pyrophyllite mineral to replace gold foils were found in the gilding paint layer in the later repainting after the Song Dynasty. This work reports the coexistence of emerald green (Cu(C2H3O2)2·3Cu(AsO2)2) and the degradation product lavendulan (NaCaCu5(AsO4)4Cl·5H2O) in large areas of the paint stratigraphy and on the surface confirming that the degradation of emerald green is related to the thickness of the paint layer; in thinner paint layers emerald green is transformed in lavendulan, while thicker layers of contain both lavendulan and emerald green, suggesting an environmental source of chlorides.

scholarly journals Application of analytical techniques to the unveiling of the glazing technology of medieval pottery from the Belgrade Fortress

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1329-1343
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Damjanovic-Vasilic ◽  
Vesna Bikic ◽  
Srna Stojanovic ◽  
Danica Bajuk-Bogdanovic ◽  
Djurdjija Dzodan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Oxide ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Ceramic Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Clay Body ◽  
Medieval Pottery

Medieval glazed ceramics, dated to the early 15th century, excavated at the Belgrade Fortress, Serbia, were investigated by combining optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), micro-Raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. The decoration and style of the investigated ceramics were characteristic of workshops from different areas of the medieval Serbian State: Ras, Krusevac and Belgrade/Smederevo. Comparison was made with ceramic samples from the same period excavated at the Studenica Monastery, the hitherto earliest workshop discovered, which were used as reference material for the Ras area. Ceramics from the Belgrade Fortress were covered with a transparent, lead-based glaze. The majority of the glazes were produced by application of mixture of lead oxide and quartz to the clay body, whereas only two samples were glazed by application of lead oxide by itself. The brown colours of the glaze originated from Fe-based spinel, whereas copper and iron were responsible for the colouring of the green and yellow glazes. The obtained results revealed glazing technology taken from Byzantine tradition.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

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