International, intra-national and inter-firm knowledge diffusion and technological catch-up: the USA, Japan, Korea and Taiwan in the memory chip industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keun Lee ◽  
Minho Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Diffusion ◽  
Memory Chip ◽  
Firm Knowledge ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Catch Up

scholarly journals Technology-sourcing investment abroad as an enhancer of Chinese MNEs’ innovative capabilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Gugler ◽  
Laura Vanoli
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Citation Analysis ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Knowledge Diffusion ◽  
Technological Capabilities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Mnes ◽  
Firm Knowledge ◽  
Innovative Capabilities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on Chinese firms’ innovation processes that are induced by foreign direct investment abroad. The study uses a patent and citation analysis to examine the extent to which investments abroad contribute to enhancing these firms’ innovative capabilities. More specifically, this study focusses on the role of foreign location competitiveness as an asset to provide technological capabilities to Chinese affiliates. Design/methodology/approach – Patents are good indicators of firms’ innovative capabilities. Moreover, patents allow to track the inter-firm knowledge transfer through the citations of patents on which they are based. The authors use an OECD patent database called “OECD REGPAT July 2013” that compiles patents registered with the European Patent Office (EPO) over the period from 1986 to 2013. The authors focus the analysis on patents registered by Chinese multinational enterprises’ (MNEs) based in Europe because the authors assume inter alia that innovations patented by Chinese affiliates in Europe are registered with the EPO. The sample comprises 3,010 patents involving 5,749 citations that the authors have individually examined. Findings – The findings suggest that Chinese MNEs ability to generate innovation based on their own knowledge is low, with a self-citation rate of approximately 4 percent. Patents by Chinese MNEs are largely based on foreign patents, especially from developed economies (at least 90 percent). The citation analysis also suggests that 39.2 percent of citations represent domestic firms in the local recipient country. This subgroup of citations is categorized as follows: 1.04 percent are M&A linkages, 13.8 percent are cluster linkages, and 24.36 percent are localization linkages. The remaining 60.8 percent of the total sample demonstrates that firms do not necessarily need to be collocated in foreign locations with domestic firms to exchange assets. Research limitations/implications – Patent and citation analysis considers only a part of the inter-firm knowledge diffusion. Some innovations are not patented and tacit knowledge diffusion is not observable. Moreover, the analysis focusses only on Chinese outward foreign direct investment to Europe, but a large part of knowledge is accumulated in China thanks to inward foreign direct investment. Originality/value – Many scholars have scrutinized emerging markets multinational enterprises’ strategic asset-seeking investments abroad that are designed to upgrade the companies’ technological capabilities (Cui and Jiang, 2009; Zhang and Filippov, 2009; Huang and Wang, 2013; Amighini et al., 2014; De Beule et al., 2014; Nicolas, 2014). However, few studies analyze the results of these strategies in terms of innovation output.

scholarly journals Research into Anxiety of Childhood: Playing Catch-up (to Olympic Standard)

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-378
Author(s):  
Sam Cartwright-Hatton ◽  
Andy Field ◽  
Cathy Creswell ◽  
Shirley Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Child Anxiety ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Seminar Series ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Catch Up

This special issue is the culmination of an ESRC seminar series grant awarded to the authors of this editorial. We named the seminar series CATTS (Child Anxiety, Theory and Treatment Seminars) and it took the form of six highly stimulating, one-day seminars on the subject of child anxiety, with participants from clinical and academic backgrounds and from Great Britain, Europe, the USA and Australia. Most of the authors in this publication, and a sister special issue in Cognitions and Emotion (2008), participated in the CATTS series.

scholarly journals Herbicide Exposure and Toxicity to Aquatic Primary Producers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Arie Vonk ◽  
Michiel H. S. Kraak
Keyword(s):  
Primary Producers ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ecotoxicity Testing ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Hazard And Risk Assessment ◽  
Herbicide Toxicity ◽  
To Come ◽  
Herbicide Exposure

Abstract The aim of the present review was to give an overview of the current state of science concerning herbicide exposure and toxicity to aquatic primary producers. To this end we assessed the open literature, revealing the widespread presence of (mixtures of) herbicides, inevitably leading to the exposure of non-target primary producers. Yet, herbicide concentrations show strong temporal and spatial variations. Concerning herbicide toxicity, it was concluded that the most sensitive as well as the least sensitive species differed per herbicide and that the observed effect concentrations for some herbicides were rather independent from the exposure time. More extensive ecotoxicity testing is required, especially considering macrophytes and marine herbicide toxicity. Hence, it was concluded that the largest knowledge gap concerns the effects of sediment-associated herbicides on primary producers in the marine/estuarine environment. Generally, there is no actual risk of waterborne herbicides to aquatic primary producers. Still, median concentrations of atrazine and especially of diuron measured in China, the USA and Europe represented moderate risks for primary producers. Maximum concentrations due to misuse and accidents may even cause the exceedance of almost 60% of the effect concentrations plotted in SSDs. Using bioassays to determine the effect of contaminated water and sediment and to identify the herbicides of concern is a promising addition to chemical analysis, especially for the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides using photosynthesis as endpoint in the bioassays. This review concluded that to come to a reliable herbicide hazard and risk assessment, an extensive catch-up must be made concerning macrophytes, the marine environment and especially sediment as overlooked and understudied environmental compartments.

The Cost of China`s Economic Success

2007 ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
V. Gelbras
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
High Price ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Cost

China has achieved great results in economic growth. But the country has had to pay a high price for them. Slowing dynamics of the domestic market, growing gap in the social and economic development of regions, impoverishment of its rural population are a small number of existing problems caused by China’s attempts to catch up with the world leader - the USA.

The Origins of Technological Catch-up in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-61
Author(s):  
Keun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Knowledge Diffusion ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Foreign Products ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Market For Technology ◽  
Fixed Line

Chapter 2 examines the growth of technological capabilities in the telecommunications industry in China, with a focus on Huawei and ZTE. These companies grew rapidly by localizing the production of fixed-line telephone switches, which were earlier imported or produced by foreign joint venture (JV) companies. While the market used to be completely dominated by foreign products in the 1980s, four locally owned companies caught up with the foreign companies in market shares and became absolute leaders by the end of the 1990s. The catch-up can be explained by three factors, namely, (1) the famous Chinese strategy of technology transfer called “trading market for technology,” (2) the knowledge diffusion from the first foreign JV, Shanghai Bell, to the local R&D consortium and then to other locally owned companies including Huawei, and (3) the government’s explicit promotion measures.

Innovation and imitation

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Wen Cheng ◽  
Su-Ying Hsu ◽  
Chu-Ping Lo
Keyword(s):  
Credit Cards ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Perfect Competition ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Catch Up

Purpose Third-party payments were first introduced by the US firm PayPal. Soon after, China developed a localized version of PayPal – Alipay, which became the main payment method for online transactions in China. Currently, the number of global transactions conducted with Alipay is three times that of PayPal. In addition to online transactions, Alipay also integrates with mobile payment applications to provide offline services, making physical transactions more convenient for users. The authors, in this paper, aim to address how third-party payments technology seems to be playing out an innovation-imitation-catch up story. Design/methodology/approach Krugman (1966) proposed a general-equilibrium model of product cycles under perfect competition where high-tech products are innovated by an “advanced” country and imitated by a “developing” country. The competition between US–China online technologies (e.g. third-party payments) seems to be playing out this innovation-imitation-catch up story. Findings The USA has already put a lot of effort into the operations of credit cards and checks, as well as other infrastructure such as human resources and installation of relevant systems. China lacks the infrastructure for payments made with credit cards and checks, and therefore China’s opportunity cost of moving directly from cash transactions to third-party payments is much less than that of the USA, which is why China holds follower advantage in third-party payment markets. Originality/value The third-party payment technologies appear to be a good example of the argument made by Krugman (1966) regarding the US–China competition on advanced technology, which states that an imitator can catch up with an inventor when the former acquires comparative advantages against the latter.

Inter-firm knowledge diffusion, market power, and welfare

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1009-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Colombo ◽  
Paola Labrecciosa
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Knowledge Diffusion ◽  
Firm Knowledge

USA at the Stage of Catch-Up Development

2012 ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
A. El’yanov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Government ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Role Of The Government

The author deals with the lessons of the period of the so-called catch-up development in the United States of America (XVIII – the beginning of XX century). The overall thrust of the social and economic progress of this relatively young nation was then determined by the aspiration to adopt technological, organizational and managerial achievements of more advanced economies of the Old World. The author stresses that without resorting to this period of the American history it is difficult to understand the reasons for the extraordinary economic and social take-off of the USA. The author examines the origins of the industrial recovery, the role of the government and the main directions of development policies at that stage. A conclusion is made that the United States succeeded in prudently managing the nation’s resources and the available incomes. By ensuring favorable conditions for life and business procedures the government greatly facilitated the creative forces and rapid economic progress.

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