A survey of the hymenopteran parasitoid complex of Dalmatian toadflax weevils in Colorado

Between 1972 and 1974, a study was made of parasitoids of P. xylostella naturally infesting four successive crops of cabbages which had not received any pesticide treatment. Parasitism fluctuated in each crop, averaging 49% during the study. The major parasitoid species were Diadegma cerophaga, Thyraeella collaris and Diadegma rapi, which averaged 93% of parasitism over the study period. Six minor primary parasitoid and one hyperparasite species were also recorded. Parasitoid activity was high during spring and summer, although extremely high temperatures during summer reduced numbers of both the host and its parasitoids. Drought conditions accentuated this. Parasitism in autumn depended upon the severity of this depletion and on the ensuing rate of recovery. The more important larval parasitoids were closely synchronized with host numbers, with a distinct lag during the winter period.

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Parasitoid complex of Phyllonorycter robiniella (Clemens, 1859) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) in Serbia

Journal of Pest Science ◽

10.1007/s10340-004-0077-y ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 109-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Aleksandar Stojanović ◽

Čedomir Marković

Keyword(s):

Parasitoid Complex

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The Effect of Season of Picloram and Chlorsulfuron Application on Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria genistifolia) on Prescribed Burns

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-04-108r ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 319-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

James S. Jacobs ◽

Roger L. Sheley

Keyword(s):

Prescribed Fire ◽

Prescribed Burning ◽

Block Design ◽

Prescribed Burn ◽

Prescribed Burns ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Untreated Check ◽

Dalmatian Toadflax ◽

Density And Biomass ◽

Cover Density

Herbicides are an important tool for managing weeds where prescribed fire is used for rangeland improvement. Understanding how the season of herbicide application relates to prescribed burning is important. Our objective was to determine the effect of picloram and chlorsulfuron on Dalmatian toadflax cover, density, and biomass, where these herbicides were applied in the fall before burning or in the spring before or after burning. Six herbicide treatments and an untreated check were applied in a randomized complete block design with four replications to a prescribed burn at two sites infested with Dalmatian toadflax in Montana, United States. Herbicides were applied in the fall preburn, spring preburn, and spring postburn. Site 1 was treated in 1999 and 2000, and site 2 was treated in 2000 and 2001. Cover, biomass, and density of Dalmatian toadflax were sampled in September 2000, 2001, and 2002 at site 1 and September 2001 and 2002 at site 2. At site 1, cover, biomass, and density of Dalmatian toadflax were at least 76% lower compared with the check in both spring-applied picloram treatments, whereas the fall picloram treatment had similar Dalmatian toadflax cover, biomass, and density compared with the check 3 yr after application. By 2002, chlorsulfuron reduced Dalmatian toadflax cover, biomass, and density by at least 79% compared with the check in all timings of application at site 1. At site 2, Dalmatian toadflax cover, biomass, and density were reduced by at least 86% for all picloram and chlorsulfuron treatments in 2002, 2 yr after application. Chlorsulfuron applied in the fall or the spring and picloram applied in the spring effectively suppressed Dalmatian toadflax cover, biomass, and density for up to 3 yr.

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Naturalized Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) complement the resident parasitoid complex of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidopera:Gelechiidae) in Spain

10.1101/2021.05.27.445932 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carmen Denis ◽

JORDI RIUDAVETS ◽

OSCAR ALOMAR ◽

NURIA AGUSTI ◽

HELENA GONZALEZ-VALERO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Tuta Absoluta ◽

Parasitoid Complex ◽

Parasitism Rates ◽

Production Area ◽

Side Walls ◽

Predatory Mirid ◽

First Time

Our study aimed to assess the contribution of natural parasitism due to Necremnus tutae Ribes & Bernardo (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to the biological control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidopera:Gelechiidae) in commercial plots where an IPM program based on the use of predatory mirid bugs was implemented. During the samplings, the presence of another parasitoid was detected and, therefore, a second part of our study intended to identify this species and to evaluate the importance of its natural populations in the biological control of the pest. Leaflets with T. absoluta galleries were collected during 2017-2020 from commercial tomato plots in the horticultural production area of Catalonia (Northeast Spain), including greenhouses, open fields, and roof covered tunnels that lack side walls. In the laboratory, T. absoluta larvae were classified as ectoparasitized, alive, or dead. Reared parasitoids from ectoparasitized larvae were mostly morphologically identified as Necremnus sp. with parasitism rates that peaked in summer months with values between 9 and 15%. Some of these ectoparasitized larvae also yielded another parasitoid identified as Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by both morphological and molecular-DNA barcoding methods. In 2020, parasitism rates due to D. gelechiidivoris that increased with season up to 22%. Our work reports for the first time in Europe the presence of the neotropical species D. gelechiidivoris adding this biocontrol agent to the resident parasitoid complex of T. absoluta in Spain.

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Parasitoid complex of Stereonychus fraxini (De Geer) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in Serbia

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1302733d ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 733-737

Author(s):

M. Drekic ◽

Lj. Mihajlovic ◽

A. Lozan

Keyword(s):

Parasitoid Complex ◽

Hymenopteran Parasitoids

The parasitoid complex of the ash weevil Stereonychus fraxini (De Geer) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from 20 localities in Serbia was studied. Forty-one samples of ash weevil larvae and cocoons were analyzed, and the presence of parasitoids was confirmed in 24 samples. Ten species of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera Parasitica) were recorded. The two common eulophid wasps, Entedon zanara Walker and Entedon cionobius Thompson, were the most abundant. Parasitoids had an insignificant influence on the level of ash weevil population, because the level of infestation did not exceed 20% in 83% of the samples; however infestation above 40% was determined in 12.2% of the samples, indicating that in some cases parasitoids may significantly reduce the ash weevil population.

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LiriomyzaLeafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Parasitoid Complex in Different Agroecological Zones, Seasons, and Host Plants in Kenya

Environmental Entomology ◽

10.1093/ee/nvv218 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 357-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

C. N. Foba ◽

D. Salifu ◽

Z. O. Lagat ◽

L. M. Gitonga ◽

K. S. Akutse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Plants ◽

Parasitoid Complex ◽

Agroecological Zones

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Parasitoid complex of gossyparia spuria (Modeer) (Hemiptera: Acanthococcidae) from eastern anatolia with new records for the Turkish fauna

Annals of Agrarian Science ◽

10.1016/j.aasci.2018.01.001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 32-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. Japoshvili ◽

M.B. Kaydan

Keyword(s):

New Records ◽

Eastern Anatolia ◽

Parasitoid Complex

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Changing Host Plants Causes Structural Differences in the Parasitoid Complex of the Monophagous Moth Yponomeuta evonymella, but Does Not Improve Survival Rate

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects10070197 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 197 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Łukowski ◽

Janek ◽

Baraniak ◽

Walczak ◽

Karolewski

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Host Plant ◽

Free Space ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Larval Rearing ◽

Primary Host ◽

New Host ◽

Parasitoid Complex ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Enemy Free Space

Recently in Poland, cases of host expansion have frequently been observed in the typically monophagous bird-cherry ermine moth (Yponomeuta evonymella), which has moved from its native host plant, bird cherry (Prunus padus), to a new, widely distributed plant that is invasive in Europe, black cherry (P. serotina). We attempted to verify the reasons behind this host change in the context of the enemy-free space hypothesis by focusing on parasitoids attacking larval Y. evonymella on one of three host plant variants: The primary host, P. padus; initially P. padus and later P. serotina (P. padus/P. serotina); or the new host, P. serotina. This experiment investigated if changing the host plant could be beneficial to Y. evonymella in terms of escaping from harmful parasitoids and improving survival rate. We identified nine species of parasitoids that attack larval Y. evonymella, and we found that the number of parasitoid species showed a downward trend from the primary host plant to the P. padus/P. serotina combination to the new host plant alone. We observed a significant difference among variants in relation to the percentage of cocoons killed by specific parasitoids, but no effects of non-specific parasitoids or other factors. Total mortality did not significantly differ (ca. 37%) among larval rearing variants. Changing the host plant caused differences in the structure of the parasitoid complex of Y. evonymella but did not improve its survival rate. This study does not indicate that the host expansion of Y. evonymella is associated with the enemy-free space hypothesis; we therefore discuss alternative scenarios that may be more likely.

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Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica): New Host for Cucumber Mosaic Virus

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-06-005.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 41-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Courtney L. Pariera Dinkins ◽

Sue K. Brumfield ◽

Robert K. D. Peterson ◽

William E. Grey ◽

Sharlene E. Sing

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Aphid Transmission ◽

Negative Control ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

New Host ◽

Tobacco Plants ◽

Linaria Dalmatica ◽

Mechanical Methods ◽

Dalmatian Toadflax

To date, there have been no reports of Dalmatian toadflax serving as a host for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Infestations of Dalmatian toadflax may serve as a reservoir of CMV, thereby facilitating aphid transmission of CMV to both agricultural crops and native plants. The goal of this study was to determine whether Dalmatian toadflax is a host for CMV. Dalmatian toadflax seedlings were randomly assigned to two treatments (18 replicates/treatment): no inoculation (control) and inoculation with CMV (Fast New York strain). The Dalmatian toadflax seedlings were inoculated by standard mechanical methods and tested for the presence of CMV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ten of the 18 CMV-inoculated toadflax plants tested positive for the virus; 6 of the 18 displayed systemic mosaic chlorosis and leaf curling. All control plants tested negative. Transmission electron microscopy obtained from CMV-positive plants confirmed the presence of CMV based on physical properties. To verify CMV infestation, tobacco plants were assigned to the following treatments (six replicates/treatment): no inoculation (control), CMV-negative (control) inoculation, and a CMV-positive inoculation. Plants were inoculated by standard methods. Five of the 6 tobacco plants treated with the CMV-positive inoculum tested positive for CMV using ELISA. All control plants tested negative for the virus.

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